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英語基礎(chǔ)語法：過去完成時(shí)

一、構(gòu)成方法

由 had 加動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。　　　

二、用法說明

■表示在過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過去的過去”。如：

She said she had never been to Paris. 她說她從未去過巴黎。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們早就跑了。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。

注意：過去完成時(shí)是一種相對時(shí)態(tài)，一定要有一個(gè)作參照的過去時(shí)間或過去動(dòng)作作比較，否則，就不能用過去完成時(shí)。但下列3種情況雖然有是先后發(fā)生的兩個(gè)過去動(dòng)詞，卻同用一般過去時(shí)：

1. 先后發(fā)生的一系列動(dòng)作，但并不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后時(shí)，最后兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞用then，and，but 等連接。如：

On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期六下午，格林夫人去了市場，買了些香蕉，然后去看望了她的表姐。

2. 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是緊接著發(fā)生的，可用一般過去時(shí)。如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited. 我聽到那個(gè)消息時(shí)，非常高興。

3. 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可用一般過去時(shí)。如：

Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我們老師告訴我們哥倫布于1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。

■表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一過去時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一樣，也常與 how long, for three days, before 等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如：

When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 當(dāng)杰克到來時(shí)，他才了解到瑪麗已經(jīng)離開差不多一個(gè)小時(shí)了。

■表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或打算。表示希望或打算的動(dòng)詞，如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等的過去完成時(shí)，后接不定式to do時(shí)，表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的希望或打算，即“本來希望或打算做某事(但卻沒做) ”。如：

I had hoped to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so. 我本來希望寄給他一張圣誕卡的，但我忘了寄了。

I had intended to come over to see you last night，but someone called and I couldn’t get away. 昨晚我本想去看你的，但有人來了我走不開。

■用于下列4個(gè)特殊句型中：

1. hardly…when…, no sooner…than…

2. It/ That /This was the first time that…

3. It was+時(shí)間段+since…(from www.hz123456.com)

4. …than sb. had thought /expected /hoped /wanted等。

Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我剛開開門，他就告訴了我。

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。

It was the second time he had been out with her. 這是他第二次和她一道出去。

It was more than a year now since he had seen her. 他上次見她以來已經(jīng)一年多了。

We arrived earlier than we had expected. 我們到得比預(yù)料的早。