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“could+have+過去分詞”用法全面歸納(10種用法)

一、表示主觀猜測

即對已經發生動作或已經存在的狀態作出主觀上的猜測，通常可譯為“可能(已經)”，有時需根據具體語境來翻譯。如：

We could not have heard them because of the noise from the river. 由于有河水聲我們不能聽見他們的話。

Tom could have taken the money; he was here alone yesterday. 有可能是湯姆把錢拿走了，昨天他單獨一個人在這里呆過。

We knew he couldn’t have paid for it, because he had no money. 我們知道不可能是他付了這筆錢，因為他沒錢。

【說明】該用法也可將could換成can，但這只限于否定句和疑問句，因為can表推測時不用于肯定句(而could可以用于肯定句)。如：

Can he have left already? 他會已經離開了嗎?

They can’t have gone out because the light’s on. 他們不可能出去了，因為燈還亮著。

二、表示未曾實現的能力

即表示過去本來有能力可以做某事的，但實際上沒有那樣去做，通常譯為“本來可以”“本來能夠”等。如：

The worst of it is that I could have prevented the accident. 最糟糕的是我本來可以防止這次事故的。

We could have got in for nothing—nobody was collecting tickets. 我們本可以不買票就進去——根本沒人收票。

I could have passed my examination easily but I made too many stupid mistakes. 我本可以輕易通過考試，但我犯了太多不該犯的錯誤。

有時用于反語。如：

You’ve broken my pen—thanks for nothing, I could have done that for myself. 你把我的筆給弄壞了——你得了吧，就那我自己也會弄。

三、表示未曾實現的可能性

即表示過去本來可能發生的情況，而實際上沒有發生，通常譯為“本來可以”“本來可能”等。如：

She could have been seriously injured. 她本來可能傷得很重的。

It’s difficult enough, but it could have been worse. 這事情夠困難的了，本來可能會更糟呢。

有時也可根據語境譯為“好在沒有”“差點”，尤其是當談論的是“不好”的情況時。如：

She felt miserable. She could have cried. 她感到很痛苦，她差點哭了。

That was a bad place to go skiing—you could have broken your leg. 那不是一個滑雪的好地方，好在你沒有把腿給摔斷。

Why did you throw the bottle out of the window? Somebody could have been hurt. 你為什么把瓶子扔出窗外呢? 好在沒有砸傷人。

They were lucky—they could have been killed. 他們很幸運，差點被打死了。

Did you see him fall? He could have killed himself. 你看見他摔倒了嗎? 他差點摔死了。

有時需要有比較靈活的翻譯：

When I discovered I’d come for the appointment on the wrong day, I could have kicked myself. 我來赴約發現把日期弄錯了，感到非常懊惱。

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