簡談非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)

一般說來，如果非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作和謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，就用不定式的一般式；如果與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行，我們就用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式或不定式的進(jìn)行式；如果在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，就用現(xiàn)在分詞、不定式或動(dòng)名詞的完成式（特殊情況下，也可用動(dòng)名詞的一般式）。如：

He told me to clean the blackboard. 他叫我擦黑板。

When I came in, he pretended to be reading. 我進(jìn)來時(shí)，他假裝在看書。

He sat there, playing games. 他坐在那里玩游戲。

He seems to have studied English before. 他好像以前在英國讀過書。

Having been there many times, she knows the place quite well. 由于他去過那里幾次了，她非常熟悉那個(gè)地方。

I’m sorry for having kept her waiting. 對不起讓你久等了。

注：不定式完成式還可以表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算或愿望。如：

  I intended to have come to see you, but I was too busy then. 我本打算來看你的，可我當(dāng)時(shí)太忙了。

I was to have started work last week, but I caught a bad cold. 我本來打算上星期就開始工作的，可我患了重感冒。

二、非謂語動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)

當(dāng)非謂語動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用主動(dòng)式；是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，用被動(dòng)式。

The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important. 明天舉行的會(huì)議非常重要。

The house being built there will be our new library. 那邊在建的房子將是我們的新圖書館。

Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 已經(jīng)要求我留下來，所以我就不好離開了。

注意，過去分詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。