動詞-ing形式與不定式作主語和賓語的區別

一、動詞-ing形式與不定式作主語時的區別

1. 表示一般的、泛指的或習慣性的行為通常用動名詞；表示具體的、一次性的或將來的動作通常用不定式。如：

Getting up early is a good habit. 早起是個好習慣。

To accept their offer would be foolish. 接受他們的幫助是愚蠢的。

但這種區別有時并不很嚴格，尤其是當主語和表語同時涉及非謂語形式時，我們通常要從結構的平行性去考慮，采用相同的形式。如：

To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。

2. 當句子為疑問句時，我們通常動詞的-ing形式作主語。如：

Is smoking permissible on this plane? 這架飛機上允許抽煙嗎?

Is doing morning exercises good for your health? 做早操對你身體有好處嗎？

3. 類似下列句式通常用動名詞：

Is it any good trying to explain? 試圖作些解釋有好處沒有?

It’s no use shouting at him—he’s deaf. 向他叫喊是沒有用的——他耳聾。

Sorry, there is no smoking in the waiting room. 對不起，等候室不許吸煙。

4. 類似下列句式通常用不定式：

It took me a month to get rid of the cough. 拖了一個月我的咳嗽才好。

It was clever of you to think of that. 你想到了那一點，真是聰明。

It’s impossible for young children to sit still. 要讓幼兒靜坐不動是不可能的。

二、動詞-ing形式與不定式作賓語時的區別

有些動詞只習慣上只接不定式作賓語，而有些動詞習慣上只接動詞的-ing形式賓語。

1. 習慣上只接不定式作賓語的動詞主要有：afford, agree, apply, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve, wish等。如：

Believe it or not, we managed to get there on time. 信不信由你，我們設法準時趕到了。

She pretended to be asleep, but all the while she was watching him. 她假裝睡著了，其實整段時間她一直在觀察他。

2. 習慣上只接動詞的-ing形式賓語的動詞主要有：acknowledge, admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, discuss, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forbid, forgive, give up, imagine, include, involve, keep, mention, mind, miss, pardon, permit, postpone, practice, prevent, prohibit, propose, put off, recall, recollect, recommend, repent, report, resist, risk, save, stop, suggest, understand, witness等。如：

Nobody mentioned going there helping her. 沒有人提到要去那兒幫助她。

We only missed seeing each other by five minutes. 我們只因差5分鐘而未能見面。

3. 既可接動詞-ing形式作賓語也可接不定式作賓語，同時兩者意無甚差別的有：like, love, hate, prefer, begin, start, continue, can’t bear, intend, bother, attempt, cease 等。如：

I prefer staying [to stay] indoors on cold winter evenings. 在冬天的夜晚我寧愿呆在家里。

She never ceased complaining [to complain] about prices. 她沒完沒了地抱怨物價。

但是，當 like, love, hate, prefer 與 would, should 連用時，其后只能接不定式，不能接動名詞——因為這樣用時，它是表示特定的想法，而非一般性喜好。如：

I’d love to have a word with you. 我想同你說句話。

另外，當begin, cease, start與continue與see(明白), know(知道), realize(意識到), understand(理解)等狀態動詞連用時，其后通常要用不定式，不用動名詞。如：

I soon began to understand what was happening. 我很快開始明白了正在發生什么事。

I am beginning to realize why he acted as he did. 我現在剛剛開始明白他為什么那樣做。

4. 既可接動詞-ing形式作賓語也可接不定式作賓語，但兩者意思有較大差別的有：

remember doing sth 記住做過某事

remember to do sth 記住要做某事

forget doing sth 忘記做過某事

forget to do sth 忘記要做某事

regret doing sth 遺憾做過某事

regret to do sth 遺憾要做某事

try doing sth 做某事試試看有何效果

try to do sth 設法或試圖要做某事

mean doing sth 意味著做某事

mean to do sth 打算要做某事

can’t help doing sth 禁不住做某事

can’t help to do sth 不能幫助做某事