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構詞法知識在語法填空題中的四類考點

英語的構詞法有轉化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母結合法等多種，最常用的只有轉化法、派生法、合成法三種，但聯系到高考英語的實戰運用，其中最重要的可能是派生法。本文擬就派生法在高考英語語法填空中的考查重點作一歸納。

一、考查派生副詞的用法

【真題再現】

1. The river was so polluted that it ________ (actual) caught fire and burned. (2014課標卷I)

2. And the passengers ________ (sudden) became friendly to one another. (2014課標卷II)

3. Bend your knees slightly and reach out your arms like tree branches, naturally and ______ (soft). (2014遼寧卷)

【考點分析】英語有不少副詞是通過在詞根形容詞后面加上后綴-ly派生來的，這是近年來高考英語語法填空的一個考查重點。以上三題的答案分別為actually, suddenly, softly。此處之所以要用副詞形式，是因為它們均在句子中用作狀語。

【即時訓練】

1. I’m sure they won’t think ________ (bad) of you if you tell them you need some help.

2. She chattered away ________ (happy) until she noticed I wasn’t listening.

3. Calculators let you do calculations fast and ________ (accurate).

4. We were afraid he would be nervous on stage, but in the event he performed ________ (beautiful).

5. Sixty percent of voters said they would ________ (willing) pay higher taxes for better health care.

參考答案：1. badly  2. happily  3. accurately  4. beautifully  5. willingly

二、考查派生形容詞的用法

【真題再現】

1. I cannot control my body well. My legs become ________ (pain). (2014遼寧卷)

2. I mastered the skills of that beginning level position and I was given the opportunity (機會) to move up through the company into ________ (differ) positions. (2014考綱樣卷)

【考點分析】構成派生形容詞的常見后綴有-ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ish, -al, -ive, -ent 等。到底該用什么后綴來構成形容詞，不同的詞根有不同的搭配要求，即使是同一詞根有時也可以搭配多個后綴，但它們的意思并不相同，如pain既可以加后綴-ful構成形容詞painful，也可以加后綴-less構成形容詞painless，但兩者的意思不同（前者表示“疼痛的”，后者表示“無痛的”）。本題根據句意，上面兩句的答案分別為painful和different。

【即時訓練】

1. Students gain ________ (use) knowledge by taking a computer course.

2. She wore a ________ (color) dress with red and orange flowers on it.

3. Thousands of people were killed and many more left ________ (home) by the earthquake.

4. I couldn’t answer the teacher’s question, and this made me feel ________ (fool).

5. The doctor finally got through to him that smoking was ________ (danger) for his health.

參考答案：1. useful  2. colorful  3. homeless  4. foolish  5. dangerous

三、考查派生名詞的用法

【真題再現】

1. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ________ (clean) than ever. (2014課標卷I)

2. Over the years I’ve come to realize how much of my success I owe to my ________ (accept) of those words as one of my values. (2014考綱樣題)

【考點分析】構成派生名詞比較重要的后綴有-er, -or, -tion, -sion, -ist, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, -age, -hood, -ity 等。同學們做題時，除了根據句子結構確定所填之詞用名詞形式外，還要考慮該名詞是用單數形式還是用復數形式，以及是否用所有格等。根據句意，上面兩句的答案分別是cleaner和acceptance。

【即時訓練】

1. ________ (read) of that magazine are interested in sports.

2. All the ________ (act) names were listed in the program.

3. There is a close ________ (relation) between poverty and crime.

4. Failure to reach an ________ (agree) will result in a strike.

5. Most ________ (art) find it almost impossible to make a living from art alone.

參考答案：1. Readers  2. actors’  3. relationship  4. agreement  5. artists

四、考查分詞形容詞的用法

【真題再現】

While there are________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. (2014課標卷I)

There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and ________ (disappoint). (2014課標卷II)

【考點分析】動詞的分詞形式派生為形容詞主要是指由現在分詞和過去分詞轉化來的形容詞。注意這不僅包括規則變化的分詞形容詞（即所謂的-ing形容詞和-ed形容詞），也包括不規則變化的分詞形容詞，如gone, known, broken 等。根據句意，上面兩句的答案分別為amazing和disappointed。

【即時訓練】

1. The days are ________ (go) when physical strength was all you needed to make a living.

2. We want to get ________ (marry) and start a family and all. But that takes money.

3. He tried to explain what had happened in ________ (break) English.

4. It was an ________ (excite) moment for these football fans this year, when for the first time in years their team won the World Cup.

5. With no one to turn to in such a ________ (frighten) situation, she felt very helpless.

參考答案：1. gone  2. married  3. broken  4. exciting  5. frightening