引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞用法綜述

一、關(guān)系代詞的概念

簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，關(guān)系代詞就是用于引志定語(yǔ)從句的代詞。被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫先行詞。關(guān)系代詞用于代表先行詞，同時(shí)又在定語(yǔ)從句中作一定的句子成分(如作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)等)。英語(yǔ)中的關(guān)系代詞主要有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as等。如：

The boy who threw the stone is the one with curly hair. 扔石頭的那個(gè)男孩子是鬈發(fā)的。

The road which joins the villages is very narrow. 連接兩個(gè)村子的公路很窄狹。

The boys whose names were called stood up. 叫到名字的男孩們站了起來(lái)。

I had coffee after dinner, as is my usual practice. 我飯后喝咖啡，這是我的習(xí)慣。

二、關(guān)系代詞that的用法

關(guān)系代詞在句子中既可用于指人，也可用于指物；從所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞謥?lái)看，它既可用作主語(yǔ)，也用作賓語(yǔ)。如：

1. 用于指人的用法：

He is the person that heard you calling. 他就是聽(tīng)到你叫的那個(gè)人。

He is the man who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那個(gè)人。

2. 用于指事物的用法：

The office that deals with passports is upstairs. 辦護(hù)照的辦公室在樓上。

The missile that killed Goliath was a stone. 打死戈利亞斯的投擲物是塊石頭。

The bus that crashed was carrying 30 passengers. 撞毀的公交車(chē)上有30名乘客。

The bus that crashed was carrying 30 passengers. 撞毀的公交車(chē)上有30名乘客。

三、關(guān)系代詞who的用法

關(guān)系代詞who在定語(yǔ)從句中通常只用于指人，不用于指事物。它在句子中主要用作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。如：

Nothing is difficult to the man who will try. 世上無(wú)難事，只要肯攀登。

The window was broken by the boy who lives opposite. 窗戶(hù)被住在對(duì)面的那個(gè)男孩打破了。

四、關(guān)系代詞whom的用法

關(guān)系代詞who在定語(yǔ)從句中通常只用于指人，不用于指事物。它在句子中主要用作賓語(yǔ)。如：

She married the man to whom she was engaged. 她嫁給了與她訂婚的那個(gè)男人。

The man with whom I traveled couldn’t speak English. 和我一道旅行的人不會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。

The bankrupt and the men to whom he owed money arranged an accommodation. 破產(chǎn)者和他的債權(quán)人協(xié)議調(diào)解。

The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在評(píng)論中批評(píng)的那個(gè)作者已寫(xiě)了一封回信。

若直接用于介詞后作賓語(yǔ)，只能用whom；但是，若不是直接用于介詞后，則也可用who代替whom。如：

Then I telephoned the doctor whom [who] Charles had recommended. 于是我給查爾斯推薦的醫(yī)生了電話(huà)。

五、關(guān)系代詞whose的用法

關(guān)系代詞whose在定語(yǔ)從句中主要用作定語(yǔ)。如：

He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車(chē)被竊的人。

You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是惟一可能使他聽(tīng)從勸告的人。

The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 那個(gè)雨傘被你拿走的女人對(duì)此很生氣。

whose既可指人，也可指物。指物時(shí)，可用含有of which的結(jié)構(gòu)(注意詞序)或其他結(jié)構(gòu)替換。如：

He’s written a book whose name I’ve forgotten.

=He’s written a book the name of which I’ve forgotten.

=He’s written a book of which I’ve forgotten the name.

=He’s written a book that I’ve forgotten the name of.

他寫(xiě)了一本書(shū)，書(shū)名我忘了。

但是，whose指人時(shí)，通常不能用含有of whom的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)替換，如：

他就是汽車(chē)被竊的人。

誤：He is the man the car of whom was stolen.

正：He is the man whose car was stolen.