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垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞的概念與改正方法

一、基本規(guī)則

按照英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的相關(guān)規(guī)則，現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)在句子中用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：

Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 他們盡管了解這一切，還是要我賠償損失。

Climbing to the top of the tower, we saw a magnificent view. 我們爬到塔頂后，看到了一片壯麗的景象。

Not knowing their language, he found it hard to get work. 由于不懂他們的語(yǔ)言，他發(fā)現(xiàn)找工作很困難。

Having failed my French exams, I decided to concentrate on science subjects. 我因法語(yǔ)考試不及格而決心專攻理科。

二、垂懸現(xiàn)在分詞的錯(cuò)誤實(shí)例

假若一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)在句子中用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致，那么這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞就叫垂懸的現(xiàn)在分詞（或叫無(wú)依著的現(xiàn)在分詞）。垂懸的現(xiàn)在分詞通常被認(rèn)為是不合語(yǔ)法的，是錯(cuò)誤的。如：

誤：Tying one end of the rope to his bed, the other end was thrown out of the window.

正：Tying one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. 他把繩子的一頭系在床上，另一頭扔出窗外。

三、糾正垂懸分詞錯(cuò)誤的兩種常用方法

要解決垂懸分詞的錯(cuò)誤，即解決分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)不一致的問(wèn)題，通常有兩種方法：一是改變句子結(jié)構(gòu)，使句子主語(yǔ)與分詞一致；二是在分詞前面添加分詞自己的主語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

誤：Guiding her, they stumbled through the street.

正：He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引著她，兩個(gè)人蹣跚地穿過(guò)那條街。

誤：Being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one.

正：Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. 其他方面若都相同，我將買那件黑的衣服，不買那件白的。

誤：She sat behind the table, resting in her hands.

正：She sat behind the table, her chin resting in her hands. 她坐在桌子后面，雙手托著下巴。

誤：A complex engine has many separate components, each performing a different function.

正：A complex engine has many separate components, each performing a different function. 一個(gè)復(fù)雜發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有很多獨(dú)立零部件，每個(gè)零部件具有不同作用。