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高考英語值得注意的五類省略結(jié)構(gòu)

作者：陳穆嘉（湖南）

來源：《第二課堂（初中版）》，2013年第05期，第27-30頁

一、由if構(gòu)成的省略

這類省略結(jié)構(gòu)最重要的有 if so, if not, if you must三個(gè)。如：

Is the book available, and if so where? 有沒有這本書？如果有的話，在哪里？

Are you a student with a knack for coming up with great ideas? If so, we would love to hear from you. 你是那種能想出好主意的學(xué)生嗎？如果是，我們倒想聽一聽。

I hope to see you tomorrow, but if not, leave me a message. 我希望明天跟你見面，不過如果不行的話，請給我留個(gè)口信。

I think I can fix it tomorrow. If not, you’ll have to wait till Friday. 我想我明天就可以修好它，如果不行，你就只好等到星期五了。

The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out. 雪有兩英尺厚，要把汽車?yán)�出來很困難，盡管不是不可能。

“I’m just going to finish this off first.” “Go ahead then, if you must.” “我只是打算先把這件事做完。”“如果你非得要做的話，那就繼續(xù)吧。”

二、由從屬連詞后接形容詞構(gòu)成的省略結(jié)構(gòu)

這類省略比較重要的是由從屬連詞if, when, where, whenever, wherever等，后接形容詞necessary, possible等構(gòu)成。如：

Taste the soup and add salt and pepper if necessary. 嘗嘗這湯，需要的話加一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)鹽和胡椒粉。

It is always best to choose organically grown foods if possible. 如果可能，最好還是挑選有機(jī)食品。

They are not afraid to tackle the issues or let the sparks fly when necessary. 他們不怕應(yīng)對這些問題，也不怕必要時(shí)來一番激烈的爭論。

I recommend that you avoid processed foods whenever possible. 我建議你盡量不要食用加工好的食品。

Changes can easily be made where necessary. 在需要的地方可以很容易地進(jìn)行修改。

They believed in the application of force wherever necessary. 凡屬必要的地方他們都主張使用武力。

Researchers try to quote primary sources wherever possible. 研究人員盡可能地引用原始資料。

三、由從屬連詞后接現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成的省略結(jié)構(gòu)

這類省略比較重要的是由從屬連詞as if, as though, once, when, while 等后接現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，注意此時(shí)現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語通常應(yīng)與句子主語一致。如：

He paused as if expecting Lanny to speak. 他停了停，仿佛等待蘭尼說話。

He rubbed his eyes and yawned as though waking up after a long sleep. 他又揉眼睛又打哈欠，好像睡了一大覺剛醒似的。

On the other hand, once having seen this apartment, who’d have the courage to complain? 另一方面，一旦看過這套公寓房，誰還會(huì)有勇氣發(fā)牢騷呢？

They were surprised by her openness when talking about her private life. 她談起私生活時(shí)非常坦率，大家都很吃驚。

He had jumped bail last year while being tried on drug charges. 去年他在因涉毒被控告期間棄保潛逃。

If the TV was built into the ceiling, you could lie there while watching your favourite programme. 如果把電視嵌入天花板，你就可以躺在那里欣賞你最喜歡的節(jié)目了。

四、由從屬連詞后接過去分詞構(gòu)成的省略結(jié)構(gòu)

這類省略比較重要的是由從屬連詞although, as, as if, as though, if, once, unless, until, when, while 等后接過去分詞構(gòu)成，注意此時(shí)過去分詞的邏輯主語通常應(yīng)與句子主語一致。如：

Although never married, they lived together as husband and wife for fifty years. 雖然從未結(jié)婚，但他們像夫妻一樣在一起生活了50多年。

I am sending you information on holidays as promised. 正如所許諾的那樣，我現(xiàn)在給你寄去關(guān)于度假的資料。

He was speeding down the motorway as if pursued by a demon. 他在公路上高速行駛，就像有魔鬼在追趕他似的。

If accepted for this post, you will be informed within a week. 如果你被接受擔(dān)任這個(gè)職務(wù)，將在一禮拜內(nèi)給你通知。

Once exposed to light, the film will be damaged and get useless. 一旦曝光，膠卷就要被損壞而不能用了。

The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, unless accompanied by an adult. 校規(guī)規(guī)定，除非有成年人的陪同，孩子在白天不允許出學(xué)校。

Grill for 15 to 20 minutes, turning occasionally until cooked. 燒烤15分鐘至20分鐘，不時(shí)翻轉(zhuǎn)直到燒熟為止。

When asked for your views about your current job, on no account must you be negative about it. 被問及你對自己目前工作的看法時(shí)，無論如何不要流露出消極情緒。

五、省略后只由wh-詞來代替整個(gè)從句

有些由when, where, who, which, how等引導(dǎo)的從句，如果上文的語境清楚，可以從句省略，而只保留wh-詞。如：

I’d like to help in some way, but I’m not sure how. 我想幫點(diǎn)忙，但不知道該怎么做。

Be very clear about what jobs should be completed, and by when. 對哪些工作應(yīng)該要完成和應(yīng)該什么時(shí)候完成必須非常明確。

I’ll call you ahead of time to fix up exactly when and where. 我會(huì)提前打電話給你，確定時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。

I’ve left my keys somewhere and I don’t know where. 我把鑰匙放在某個(gè)地方了，但不知道是哪個(gè)地方。

Miranda was sure it was one of them, but was not sure which. 米蘭達(dá)確定是其中的一個(gè)，但不敢肯定是哪一個(gè)。

It’s either Spanish or Portuguese that she speaks, but I’ve forgotten which. 她說的要么是西班牙語，要么是葡萄牙語，但我忘記是哪一種了。

 “Who told you?” “Oh, somebody or other, I’ve forgotten who.” “誰告訴你的?”“啊，有個(gè)人，我忘了是誰了。”

He’s angry with me and I don’t know why. 他生我的氣了，但我不知道是為什么。

She gets periodic headaches, but she doesn’t know why. 她時(shí)不時(shí)地感到頭疼，但不知道為什么。

（編輯  陳根花）