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5. 表示時間，指“最遲在……之前”“到……的時候已經”，此時要注意它所連用的時態。如：
He was very tired by the evening. 他到晚上已經很累了。
He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. 現在這本書他已讀了大約40頁。
We will have finished the work by next month. 到下個月我們就會干完了這工作。
By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. 在醫生到達時，病人已經死了。
另外，表示時間時，它還可表示“在……期間”，通常連用的名詞是 day, night, moonlight, daylight等，注意名詞前通常不用冠詞。如(www.hz123456.com)：
Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 貓白天睡覺，夜里捉老鼠。
Do you like to swim by moonlight? 你喜歡在月光下游泳嗎？
6. 表示單位，意為“以……計”，其后通常接表示計量單位的單數名詞，且名詞前要用定冠詞。如：
They are paid by the hour (by the month). 他們所得報酬按小時（月）計。
Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶按品脫賣，黃油論磅賣，蛋類論打賣。
有時也接抽象名詞，此時通常不用冠詞。如：
Bananas are usually sold by weight. 香蕉通常按重量賣。
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