英語寫作中的的通順與連貫

文章的通順與連貫是一篇好文章必須具有的條件之一，它包括兩個(gè)方面：一是指句子的通順連貫，二是指段落的通順連貫。

一、句子的連貫

如果一個(gè)句子的各個(gè)詞或各個(gè)成分之間的連接是既清晰又合理的，那么這個(gè)句子就是連貫的、通順的。要寫出連貫通順的句子需要注意以下問題：

(一)關(guān)于正確使用平行句的問題

在英語中，所謂平行句就是把結(jié)構(gòu)相似或相同，意義相關(guān)，語義一致的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞組或句子并列使用。包括名詞短語、形容詞短語、副詞短語、動(dòng)詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語、從句等的平行。正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)，既能使重點(diǎn)突出，又能使句子更易理解和連貫。例如：

1. We should judge a person not only by what he says but also his deeds.

此句中的what he said和his deeds在結(jié)構(gòu)上是不平行的，因此其中一個(gè)應(yīng)該被改正。即：

We should judge a person not only by what he says but also by what he does.(從句的平行)或We should judge a person not only by his words but also his deeds. (名詞短語的平行)

2. We thought she was young, fair and a beautiful girl.

此句要么用名詞短語的平行，要么用形容詞短語的平行。即改為：We thought she was young, fair and beautiful.或We thought she was a young, fair and beautiful girl.

3. He sat down at the table and began to read newspaper. (動(dòng)詞短語的平行)

4. He likes playing basketball and collecting stamps. (非謂語動(dòng)詞的平行)

5. The teachers and students have great faith and high hopes for you.

此句中的名詞faith和hope盡管是平行的，但它們應(yīng)該接不同的介詞。該為：The teachers and students have great faith in and high hopes for you.

(二)關(guān)于指代不明的問題

6. He told Tom that he had passed the driving-test.

句子中的第二個(gè)he究竟是指主語還是指Tom，模棱兩可。我們可以理解為He had passed the driving-test and he told Tom. 也可理解為He told Tom that Tom had passed the driving-test.

7. I went to see a film last night because she is a star I like.

因?yàn)榫渥又袥]有涉及第三者，所以很難斷定she指代何人。可改為I went to see a film last night because the actress is a star I like.

8. Li Ming was knocked down by a motorbike, but it was not badly hurt.

It指代前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞, 這是it的基本用法之一。此句中唯一的名詞是motorbike在此是泛指，故不能用it. 若改為Li Ming was knocked down by a motorbike, but was not badly hurt.句子的意思就明了多了。

為避免此錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生，寫句子時(shí)要先分清代詞要指代的對(duì)象。

(三)關(guān)于修飾語的問題

9. 我在會(huì)上作了重要的關(guān)于如何學(xué)好英語的報(bào)告。

誤：He gave an important talk at the meeting about how to learn English well.

析：此句由于修飾語的位置錯(cuò)放而引起的意思模糊。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看，很容易讓人覺得修飾語about how to learn English well像是修飾the meeting，但根據(jù)漢語句子原意，應(yīng)該修飾talk.

10. 他說了上課遲到的原因，沒有人相信。

He gave a reason for his being late for school, which nobody believed.

析：此句也屬于修飾語的位置誤放。這種錯(cuò)誤的修改法有兩種：一是使修飾語緊跟他所修飾的成分He gave a reason，which nobody believed，for his being late for school。二是重復(fù)被修飾的成分He gave a reason for his being late for school, a reason which nobody believed.

11. 從山上看，我們學(xué)校看起來很美。

誤：Seeing from the hill, our school looks very beautiful.

析：非謂語動(dòng)詞seeing與句子的主語our school 不構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而是被動(dòng)的。非謂語動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)用造成句子的不通順。因此應(yīng)該為Seen from the hill, our school looks very beautiful.這是同學(xué)們寫作中最常犯的錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該引起高度重視。

(四)關(guān)于語序的問題

語序(語言順序)是句子通順的重要因素。下面我們就幾種常用語序作些分析，相信對(duì)同學(xué)們的寫作會(huì)有所幫助。

12. If I had a long enough holiday, I’d visit Europe, stopping at all the small interesting places.

顯然，此句是關(guān)于副詞的語序問題。enough作副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)要后置。

13. —How was you recent visit to Qingdao?

—It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the last few sunny days at the seaside.

此句是關(guān)于幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞的語序問題。寫這類句子，我們可以遵循下列規(guī)則安排語序：1)與被修飾的名詞關(guān)系愈密切的形容詞愈靠近名詞；2)如果密切程度差不多，則音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，多的在后；3)一般按照“九字令”：限(last, first，few等)、描(fine, beautiful, fat等)、大(big, small等)、形(round, square等)、齡(young, old, five-year-old等)、顏(red, brown等)、籍(出處，籍貫)、物(物質(zhì)、材料)、類(類別、用途)。

14. You can’t imagine how excited they were, when they received these nice Christmas presents.

此句是關(guān)于賓語從句的語序問題。在寫帶有賓語從句的句子時(shí)，同學(xué)們可以熟記以下口訣：賓語從句要牢記，陳述語序在心里；主句一般從任意，主句過去從過去(主句如果是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài))；陳述句連詞用that， 一般問句if或whether, 特殊問句詞不變。

15. So shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.

此句是關(guān)于倒裝語序的問題。寫作時(shí)正確使用倒裝句，對(duì)提高文章的生動(dòng)非常有幫助。但如果把握不準(zhǔn)，寫出錯(cuò)句子的話，將會(huì)影響文章的檔次。

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