現(xiàn)在完成時的四種用法

現(xiàn)在完成時是英語中一個很重要的時態(tài)，也是很容易弄錯的一個時態(tài)。歸納起來，現(xiàn)在完成時共有四種主要用法，現(xiàn)分別解說如下：

一、現(xiàn)在完成時表示影響

該用法的現(xiàn)在完成時表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作在過去已經(jīng)完成，并且這個過去發(fā)生并完成的動作對現(xiàn)在有影響或結(jié)果，同時說話者強調(diào)的或感興趣的就是這個影響或結(jié)果，如漢語說“他已離開這個城市了”，其中的“離開”肯定發(fā)生了，它對現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果就是“他現(xiàn)在已不在這個城市了”；又如漢語說“有人把窗戶打破了”，顯然“打破窗戶”這一動作發(fā)生在過去，并且在過去已經(jīng)完成了，但說話人強調(diào)的重點是打破窗戶對現(xiàn)在的影響——窗戶現(xiàn)在仍是破的。如：

He has left the city. 他已離開這個城市。(結(jié)果：他不在這個城市。)

Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗戶打破了。(結(jié)果：窗戶仍破著。)

I have lost my pen. 我把鋼筆丟了。(結(jié)果：我現(xiàn)在無鋼筆用。)

He has finished his work. 他把工作做完了。（結(jié)果：他現(xiàn)在可以做其他的事了。）

二、現(xiàn)在完成時表示持續(xù)

該用法的現(xiàn)在完成時表示一個過去發(fā)生的動作或開始的狀語在過去并未完成或結(jié)束，而是一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且有可能繼續(xù)下去(也可能到此結(jié)束)，如漢語說“他在我們學(xué)校教書已有30年了”，顯然“他在我們學(xué)校教書”是從30年前開始，并且一直教到現(xiàn)在，已經(jīng)持續(xù)了30年；又如漢語說“自上個星期以來他一直很忙”，顯然“忙”是從上個星期開始的，并且這一“忙”就一直忙到現(xiàn)在。如：

He has taught in our school for 30 years. 他在我們學(xué)校教書已有30年了。

He has been busy since last week. 自上個星期以來他一直很忙。

He has worked for us ever since he left school. 他離開學(xué)校以后就一直為我們工作。

三、現(xiàn)在完成時表示重復(fù)

即表示從過去某個時間直到現(xiàn)在的這個時間范圍內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或情況，并且這個不斷重復(fù)的動作有可能繼續(xù)下去，也有可能到現(xiàn)在就結(jié)束。如：

How often have you seen her? 你隔多少見她一次?

My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父親一向騎車上班。

四、現(xiàn)在完成時表示將來

同一般現(xiàn)在時可以表示將來一樣，現(xiàn)在完成時也可以在時間狀語從句里表示將來。如：

I’ll wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信寫完。

When you have rested, I’ll show you the garden. 等你休息好之后，我領(lǐng)你看我們的花園。

【跟蹤訓(xùn)練】

1. We _______ to move but are still considering where to go to.

A. are deciding         B. decided                C. have decided         D. had decided

2. I left my pen on the desk and now it’s gone; who _______ it?

A. took                    B. has taken              C. will take               D. had taken

3. I feel sure I _______ her somewhere before.

A. was to meet         B. have met               C. had met                D. would meet

4. —Will you go to the park now?

—Not until I _______ my physics exercises.

A. will finish             B. have finished         C. will have finished   D. had finished

5. —Did you enjoy the film?

—Yes, it’s the best one I _______ these years.

A. had　　　　　    B. have had　　　    C. had had　　         D. would have

6. —Why do you look worried?

—Fred left the company half an hour ago. His work _______ unfinished since.

A. left                      B. was left                C. has left                 D. has been left

7. —Why did you come by bus?

—My car broke down yesterday evening and I _______ it repaired.

A. didn’t have           B. don’ t have           C. won’t have           D. haven’t had

8. There _______ less accidents on this road since the speed limit was introduced.

A. have been             B. were                    C. had been               D. have had

9. Look at that little boy wandering about—perhaps he _______ his mother.

A. will lose               B. is losing                C. had lost                D. has lost

10. The plans _______ under discussion for a year now, but no decision _______ reached.

A. have been, has been                              B. are, is

C. have been, is                                        D. are, has been

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