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垂懸分詞的用法
——對(duì)一篇文章的商榷
■本站特約作者 李翔
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)上有一篇文章《涉及垂懸分詞的一道典型考題》（/Article/201108/2460.html）全文如下：
請(qǐng)看下面一題：
Finding her car stolen, _________.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
【分析】此題容易誤選 A，因?yàn)閺臐h語(yǔ)角度來(lái)看，車子被盜，就應(yīng)該叫來(lái)警察。但如果選 A，會(huì)導(dǎo)致句子主語(yǔ)與分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)不一致，構(gòu)成所謂的垂懸分詞。其實(shí)，此題最佳答案選 D，因?yàn)榫涫子米鳡钫Z(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ) finding her car stolen 的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等，按照英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法，在通常情況下，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)與句子主語(yǔ)保持一致，所以最佳答案為D。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏匆韵骂愃评樱?/SPAN>
(1) To master a foreign language, _________.
A. the school needs a foreign teacher
B. a good teacher is needed
C. a lot of practice is needed
D. one must have a lot of practice
【分析】此題答案選D，因?yàn)?/FONT> to master a foreign language 的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)是 one，而不是其他。(筆者注：此句是不定式充當(dāng)目的狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)one 。不屬于垂懸分詞的用法！)
請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭惱骸 ?/SPAN>
(2) _________ many times, he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though to be told
C. Having told D. He was told
【分析】此題答案選A ，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)句意，he 與 tell 應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系；另外，從時(shí)間上看，應(yīng)該是“被告訴”在先，“沒(méi)有理解”在后，故要用 having been told 這一現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式。注意不能選D，因?yàn)?/FONT> He was told 與 he still didn’t understand it 這兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句之間缺乏必要的銜接關(guān)系(參見下一題)。(筆者注：此句是現(xiàn)在分詞完成式充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)句子的主語(yǔ)he。不屬于垂懸分詞的用法！)
請(qǐng)?jiān)倏搭惱骸 ?/SPAN>
(3) _________ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though he was told
C. To have been told D. He was told
【分析】此題答案選D，句中的并列連詞 but 表明整個(gè)句子為并列句，同時(shí)表明 but 前應(yīng)是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，而不能是一個(gè)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(所以不能選A或C)，又因?yàn)?/FONT> though 為從屬連詞，用以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，它與連接并列句的并列連詞 but 不“兼容”，所以也不能選B。(筆者注：此句不屬于垂懸分詞的用法！)
從上文可以看出：除了文章標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)了垂懸分詞以及在第1題里間接提及垂懸分詞外，文章中其他例句均不含有垂懸分詞。 究竟什么叫“垂懸分詞”？是否被普遍接受呢？ 下面筆者就簡(jiǎn)單介紹“垂懸分詞”的概念及其用法。
1. 什么叫“垂懸分詞”
吳慰曾在其主編的《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法詞典》(四川人民出版社 1986年5月第1版)p202上給出的定義是：分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)同句子主語(yǔ)不一致的情況，這種分詞叫垂懸分詞或無(wú)所屬分詞。
2. “垂懸分詞”的用法
張?chǎng)斡言谄渚幹摹队⒄Z(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難題探微析詞典》(華中師范大學(xué)出版社 2004年5月第1版)p315上詳細(xì)介紹了“垂懸分詞”的用法：
A. 有些分詞(短語(yǔ))在長(zhǎng)期的運(yùn)用中已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞或連詞，這些分詞常見的有concerning, expecting, barring, respecting, saving, regarding, considering, following, including, owing (to), seeing, granting, admitting, persuming, assuming, supposing, providing, given, provided等
Many incurable diseases are really curable, provided(that) you begin treatment early.
B. 有些分詞已轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠?dú)立成分，含有泛指之意，在句中作插入語(yǔ)。這樣的短語(yǔ)常見的有judging from, generally(frankly, strictly等)speaking (of), putting it frankly, allowing for, taking …into consideration等。例如：
Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls.
C. 在以it做形式主語(yǔ)的句子中，真正的主語(yǔ)是以不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞或名詞性從句表示時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般是泛指的。
Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form.
D. 當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是整個(gè)句子。分詞短語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
First of all, this difficult problem has to be tackled, enabling us to proceed to the other. (…, which will enable us to proceed to the other.)
E. 當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句中被省略的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者時(shí)。
Ideas can be expressed (by us) accurately and efficiently using simple sentences.
F. 當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)在句子中(包括分詞短語(yǔ)中)以定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等形式出現(xiàn)時(shí)。
Eating our dinner, the sky cleared up.
G. 當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)與when, while until等連詞連用時(shí)。
While trying to open the door, his key was broken.
“垂懸分詞”的以上用法，正如張?chǎng)斡呀淌谒灾饕糜?/FONT>“英美文學(xué)作品和科技作品”，但是這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象已越來(lái)越被人們廣泛地使用，而且也逐漸被一些語(yǔ)法學(xué)家所采納”。值得欣慰的是“垂懸分詞”作為考點(diǎn)已經(jīng)引入到高考中：2001年全國(guó)普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試（全國(guó)卷）第35題 ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.
A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered
所給答案為A。
對(duì)照以上“垂懸分詞”的用法，篇首所提及句子的前三個(gè)選項(xiàng)A、B和C也是可以接受的，因?yàn)樗?/FONT>F項(xiàng)所說(shuō)的“垂懸分詞”的用法。
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