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垂懸分詞的用法 |
作者:李 翔 文章來源:本站原創(chuàng) 點擊數(shù) 更新時間:2012-03-03 文章錄入:李翔 責(zé)任編輯:admin |
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垂懸分詞的用法
——對一篇文章的商榷
■本站特約作者 李翔
英語語法網(wǎng)上有一篇文章《涉及垂懸分詞的一道典型考題》(/Article/201108/2460.html)全文如下: 請看下面一題: Finding her car stolen, _________. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 【分析】此題容易誤選 A,因為從漢語角度來看,車子被盜,就應(yīng)該叫來警察。但如果選 A,會導(dǎo)致句子主語與分詞的邏輯主語不一致,構(gòu)成所謂的垂懸分詞。其實,此題最佳答案選 D,因為句首用作狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞短語 finding her car stolen 的邏輯主語應(yīng)是“她”,而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等,按照英語語法,在通常情況下,非謂語動詞用作狀語時,它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語保持一致,所以最佳答案為D。請再看以下類似例子: (1) To master a foreign language, _________. A. the school needs a foreign teacher B. a good teacher is needed C. a lot of practice is needed D. one must have a lot of practice 【分析】此題答案選D,因為 to master a foreign language 的邏輯主語應(yīng)是 one,而不是其他。(筆者注:此句是不定式充當(dāng)目的狀語,其邏輯主語句子的主語one 。不屬于垂懸分詞的用法!) 請再看類例: (2) _________ many times, he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though to be told C. Having told D. He was told 【分析】此題答案選A ,因為根據(jù)句意,he 與 tell 應(yīng)是被動關(guān)系;另外,從時間上看,應(yīng)該是“被告訴”在先,“沒有理解”在后,故要用 having been told 這一現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式。注意不能選D,因為 He was told 與 he still didn’t understand it 這兩個簡單句之間缺乏必要的銜接關(guān)系(參見下一題)。(筆者注:此句是現(xiàn)在分詞完成式充當(dāng)時間狀語,其邏輯主語句子的主語he。不屬于垂懸分詞的用法!) 請再看類例: (3) _________ many times, but he still didn’t understand it. A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told 【分析】此題答案選D,句中的并列連詞 but 表明整個句子為并列句,同時表明 but 前應(yīng)是一個獨立的句子,而不能是一個非謂語動詞短語(所以不能選A或C),又因為 though 為從屬連詞,用以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,它與連接并列句的并列連詞 but 不“兼容”,所以也不能選B。(筆者注:此句不屬于垂懸分詞的用法!) 從上文可以看出:除了文章標(biāo)題中出現(xiàn)了垂懸分詞以及在第1題里間接提及垂懸分詞外,文章中其他例句均不含有垂懸分詞。 究竟什么叫“垂懸分詞”?是否被普遍接受呢? 下面筆者就簡單介紹“垂懸分詞”的概念及其用法。 1. 什么叫“垂懸分詞” 吳慰曾在其主編的《英語語法詞典》(四川人民出版社 1986年5月第1版)p202上給出的定義是:分詞的邏輯主語同句子主語不一致的情況,這種分詞叫垂懸分詞或無所屬分詞。 2. “垂懸分詞”的用法 張鑫友在其編著的《英語語法難題探微析詞典》(華中師范大學(xué)出版社 2004年5月第1版)p315上詳細介紹了“垂懸分詞”的用法: A. 有些分詞(短語)在長期的運用中已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞或連詞,這些分詞常見的有concerning, expecting, barring, respecting, saving, regarding, considering, following, including, owing (to), seeing, granting, admitting, persuming, assuming, supposing, providing, given, provided等 Many incurable diseases are really curable, provided(that) you begin treatment early. B. 有些分詞已轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠毩⒊煞郑蟹褐钢猓诰渲凶鞑迦胝Z。這樣的短語常見的有judging from, generally(frankly, strictly等)speaking (of), putting it frankly, allowing for, taking …into consideration等。例如: Generally speaking, boys are more interested in such activities than girls. C. 在以it做形式主語的句子中,真正的主語是以不定式短語、動名詞或名詞性從句表示時,其邏輯主語一般是泛指的。 Using the electric energy, it is necessary to change its form. D. 當(dāng)分詞短語作結(jié)果狀語,起補充說明作用時,其邏輯主語應(yīng)該是整個句子。分詞短語相當(dāng)于which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。 First of all, this difficult problem has to be tackled, enabling us to proceed to the other. (…, which will enable us to proceed to the other.) E. 當(dāng)分詞短語的邏輯主語就是句中被省略的動作執(zhí)行者時。 Ideas can be expressed (by us) accurately and efficiently using simple sentences. F. 當(dāng)分詞短語的邏輯主語在句子中(包括分詞短語中)以定語、賓語等形式出現(xiàn)時。 Eating our dinner, the sky cleared up. G. 當(dāng)分詞短語與when, while until等連詞連用時。 While trying to open the door, his key was broken. “垂懸分詞”的以上用法,正如張鑫友教授所言主要用于“英美文學(xué)作品和科技作品”,但是這種語言現(xiàn)象已越來越被人們廣泛地使用,而且也逐漸被一些語法學(xué)家所采納”。值得欣慰的是“垂懸分詞”作為考點已經(jīng)引入到高考中:2001年全國普通高等學(xué)校招生統(tǒng)一考試(全國卷)第35題 ______ such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 所給答案為A。 對照以上“垂懸分詞”的用法,篇首所提及句子的前三個選項A、B和C也是可以接受的,因為它符合F項所說的“垂懸分詞”的用法。
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