重點中學英語語法講義-直接引語與間接引語

一、概說

引用別人的話一般有兩種方式，一種是直接述別人的原話，并把它放在引號內，這叫直接引語；另一種是用自己的話來轉述別人的話，并且不能用引號，這就是間接引語。間接引語在許多情況下構成賓語從句。如：

“I want to buy a house in the country.” Jack said. 杰克說：“我想在鄉下買座房子。”(直接引語)

Jack said that he wanted to buy a house in the country. 杰克他說他想在鄉下買座房子。(間接引語)

“Did you buy any books for me?” he asked his mother. 他問他母親：“給我買書沒有?”

He asked his mother if he had bought any books for him. 他問他母親給他買書沒有。

“Don’t sleep in class again.” the teacher told Jim. 老師對吉姆說：“上課不要再睡覺了。”

The teacher told Jim not to sleep in class again. 老師叫吉姆上課不要再睡覺了。

二、直接引語變間接引語的五點變化

1. 時態的變化

直接引語變為間接引語時，若主句為過去時態，變為間接引語的賓語從句通常要將時態往后推一個，即：一般現在時變為一般過去時，一般將來時變為過去將來時，現在進行時變為過去進行時，現在完成時變為過去完成時，一般過去時也變為過去完成時，等等(若直接引語為過去完成時，變為間接引語可以不變)。另外，若直接引語中有情態動詞can, may等，也應變成過去式could, might等(情態動詞must可以變為had to，也可不變，should, ought to, had better 等可以不變)：

“I want to stay here.” he said. 他說：“我想留在這兒。”

→He said that he wanted to stay there. 他說他想留在那兒。

She said, “It’s raining very hard.” 他說：“雨下得很大。”

→He said that it was raining very hard. 他說雨下得很大。

Jim said, “I can speak Chinese.” 吉姆說：“我會講漢語。”

→Jim said that he could speak Chinese. 吉姆說他會講漢語

(1) 若直接引語為客觀真理，則變為間接引語時時態不變：

He said, “The sun rises in the east.” 他說：“太陽從東方升起。”

→He said that the sun rises in the east. 他說太陽從東方升起。

(2) 有時由于直接引語有特定的過去時間狀語，變為間接引語時時態也可不變：

He said, “ was born in 1988.” 說：“我是1988年生的。”

→He said that he was born in 1988. 他說他是1988年生的。

2. 時間狀語的變化

直接引語變間接引語時，有些時間狀語根據情況也要相應的改動：如將now改為then，將today 改為that day，將tonight改為that night，將yesterday改為the day before，將this month改為that month，將last week改為the week before，將three years ago改為three years before，將tomorrow改為the next day，將next year改為the next year，等等：

He said, “I’m very busy now.” 他說：“我現在很忙。”

→He said that he was very busy then. 他說他當時很忙。

He said, “I want to leave today.” 他說：“他想今天離開。”

→He said that he wanted to leave that day. 他說他想那天就離開。

He said, “She left yesterday.” 他說：“她昨天離開了。”

→He said that she had left the day before. 他說她前一天就離開了。

She said, “I’ll tell you tomorrow.” 她說：“我明天告訴你。”

→She said that she would tell me the next day. 她說她第二天告訴我。

以上變化有時應視情況而定，若在當時轉述，now不必改為then；若在當天轉述，today, yesterday, tomorrow等不必改為that day, the day before, the next day等；若在當周轉述，this week, last week 不必改為that week, the last week；若在當年轉述，this year, last year 不必改為that year, the last year等。

3. 代詞的變化

在直接引語變為間接引語時，有些代詞也要作相應的變化，如指示代詞this和these通常變為that和those。同時人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞等也要根據具體情況作出合理的調整：

He said, “This is my seat.” 他說：“這是我的座位。”

→He said that that was his seat. 他說那是他的座位。

“I can look after myself.” she said. 她說：“我能照顧自己。”

→She said that she could look after herself. 她說他能照顧自己。

若場所和地點不發生改變，this和that也可以不變。

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