3. 在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書(shū)。

比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.

4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒(méi)有所有格形式。如：

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來(lái)了，我們開(kāi)始開(kāi)會(huì)。

比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.

5. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)之前。如：

The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽(tīng)眾坐好后，音樂(lè)會(huì)開(kāi)始了。

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。

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