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關(guān)系代詞用that不用which揭秘 |
作者:劉永科 文章來(lái)源:本站原創(chuàng) 點(diǎn)擊數(shù) 更新時(shí)間:2013-05-26 文章錄入:劉永科 責(zé)任編輯:admin |
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關(guān)系代詞用that不用which揭秘 ■山東 劉永科 關(guān)于“定語(yǔ)從句”的用法,以及選擇“關(guān)系詞”等問(wèn)題,一般語(yǔ)法書(shū)都做了詳盡的規(guī)定和說(shuō)明。同時(shí),幾乎所有的語(yǔ)法書(shū)和涉及定語(yǔ)從句的文章,都專(zhuān)門(mén)提醒that和which的不同用法。記憶起來(lái)感覺(jué)比較困難,而且容易混淆。這里面有什么奧秘和規(guī)律可循嗎?我們先來(lái)回顧一下這個(gè)問(wèn)題: 當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句修飾“物”時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that不用which,大致有如下幾種情況: 1. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是all, everything, anything, nothing, none, little, few等代詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞原則上用that,不用which,例如: In China, parents always do everything that they can to support their children.在中國(guó),父母總是盡他們所能來(lái)?yè)狃B(yǎng)孩子。 I did nothing that might hurt you.我沒(méi)有做任何可能傷害你的事。 All that glitters is not gold.閃光的東西并非都是金子。 2. 當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, no, little, few, the only, the very, the right(恰當(dāng)?shù)模?/FONT>, the last, the same等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞原則上用that,不用which,例如: Chatting is the only thing that interests her most.聊天是她唯一感興趣的事情。 These messages are the very ones that I have been looking for.這些就是我一直在尋找的信息。 This is the last thing that I want to do.這是我最不愿意做的事情。 3. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí),以及被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞原則上用that,不用which,例如: It was the largest map that I ever saw.那是我見(jiàn)過(guò)的最大的地圖。 When it comes to Jinan, the first that comes to mind is the spring water.談到濟(jì)南時(shí),首先想到的就是泉水。 That is the best film that has ever been shown so far in the city.那是這座城市到目前為止放過(guò)的最好的一部電影。 【問(wèn)題揭秘】 透視上述三種情況,我們發(fā)現(xiàn):一旦先行詞或之前的修飾語(yǔ)表達(dá)了①獨(dú)一無(wú)二概念、 ②全部概念、③完全否定的概念時(shí),也就是說(shuō)“無(wú)需選擇或者無(wú)法選擇”的時(shí)候,原則不能使用關(guān)系代詞which,因?yàn)?/FONT>which曾經(jīng)是疑問(wèn)代詞“哪一個(gè)”,多少還保留著“選擇”的意味。比方說(shuō),the only 表示“唯一”,everything表示“所有的東西”,none表示“什么都沒(méi)有”,這些還需要選擇嗎?還能做出選擇嗎?既然不能選擇或者無(wú)法選擇,which最好就別用了。 同理,修飾“人”的定語(yǔ)從句,如果先行詞本身或前面的修飾語(yǔ)跟上述情況相同,那么,同樣選擇使用that,盡量避免使用who。說(shuō)明who這個(gè)關(guān)系代詞仍然帶有原來(lái)疑問(wèn)的味道。例如: Her father was the simplest, hardest working man that we had ever met. Alice is the only girl that was praised by the headmaster at yesterday’s meeting. All the passengers that were injured were carried to the hospital.
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