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賓補、定語和狀語：句子成分不再困擾
■山東 劉永科
【問四】 I saw the third man coming with some pineapples.這句話的斷句是：I saw / the third man coming with pineapples.還是I saw the third man / coming with pineapples.
我想問一下，前者的斷句是把the third man coming with pineapples看作整個賓語,coming with pineapples就相當于定語從句who was coming with pineapples的簡化，修飾the third man.這是第一個理解；后者的斷句是把coming with pineapples看做賓補，補充說明賓語the third man. 請問如何哪個解釋更正確呢。（廣州網友小林）
【答】分析句子成分時，應注意兩點：首先考慮句子結構，包括動詞的用法和句型，其次要考慮句子意義，二者必須兼顧，不能偏廢。I saw the third man coming with some pineapples. 意思應該是：
我看見第三個人帶著一些菠蘿過來了。
如果把coming with some pineapples按定語來理解，那么意思就是：
我看見帶著一些菠蘿過來的第三個人了。
這樣分析和翻譯顯然不合適，說明第一個翻譯是恰當的。
從動詞see的用法看，我們知道see后可以跟復合賓語，句式是：see sb. doing sth.
那么，the third man coming with pineapples 則是see的復合賓語，其中the third man是賓語，coming with pineapples是賓補。
結論：無論從句子意思還是see的用法看，coming with pineapples作賓補無疑。
【問五】I found some flowers in the garden. in the garden是做狀語還是做賓語的補足語？（廣州網友小林）
【答】想弄清楚這個問題，應先從find的用法著手。find 的用法如下：
1. find后跟單賓語：
(1) Many people here cannot find work.
(2) He didn’t find his key in his bag.
2. find后跟雙賓語：
(1) I wonder if you could find me some bread.
(2) He has to apply for a permit and we have to find him a job.
3. find后跟復合賓語（賓語+補足語）：
(1) When she woke up, she found herself in a hospital.
(2) It's not the first time that you've found yourself in this situation.
(3) At my age I would find it hard to get another job...
(4) They found her walking alone and depressed on the beach.
(5) She returned to her east London home to find her back door forced open.
以上例句作find賓補的可以是：介詞短語，形容詞，現在分詞短語，過去分詞短語等。
上述例句中，介詞短語作狀語或是作賓補，都很明確：
He didn’t find his key in his bag. 句中的in his bag是地點狀語，不是賓補。
When she woke up, she found herself in a hospital. 句中的in a hospital 是賓補，不是地點狀語。
回到問題：I found some flowers in the garden. in the garden從語法上看，既可以作地點狀語，也可以作賓語補足語。但從意思上看，我傾向于作地點狀語。譯為：我在花園里發現了（見到了）一些花。如果視為賓補，則很勉強，譯為：我發現一些花在花園里？
【注】廣州的小林朋友的前面幾個問題見：
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