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賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)：句子成分不再困擾
■山東 劉永科
【問(wèn)四】 I saw the third man coming with some pineapples.這句話的斷句是：I saw / the third man coming with pineapples.還是I saw the third man / coming with pineapples.
我想問(wèn)一下，前者的斷句是把the third man coming with pineapples看作整個(gè)賓語(yǔ),coming with pineapples就相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句who was coming with pineapples的簡(jiǎn)化，修飾the third man.這是第一個(gè)理解；后者的斷句是把coming with pineapples看做賓補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)the third man. 請(qǐng)問(wèn)如何哪個(gè)解釋更正確呢。（廣州網(wǎng)友小林）
【答】分析句子成分時(shí)，應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)：首先考慮句子結(jié)構(gòu)，包括動(dòng)詞的用法和句型，其次要考慮句子意義，二者必須兼顧，不能偏廢。I saw the third man coming with some pineapples. 意思應(yīng)該是：
我看見(jiàn)第三個(gè)人帶著一些菠蘿過(guò)來(lái)了。
如果把coming with some pineapples按定語(yǔ)來(lái)理解，那么意思就是：
我看見(jiàn)帶著一些菠蘿過(guò)來(lái)的第三個(gè)人了。
這樣分析和翻譯顯然不合適，說(shuō)明第一個(gè)翻譯是恰當(dāng)?shù)摹?/SPAN>
從動(dòng)詞see的用法看，我們知道see后可以跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，句式是：see sb. doing sth.
那么，the third man coming with pineapples 則是see的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，其中the third man是賓語(yǔ)，coming with pineapples是賓補(bǔ)。
結(jié)論：無(wú)論從句子意思還是see的用法看，coming with pineapples作賓補(bǔ)無(wú)疑。
【問(wèn)五】I found some flowers in the garden. in the garden是做狀語(yǔ)還是做賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)？（廣州網(wǎng)友小林）
【答】想弄清楚這個(gè)問(wèn)題，應(yīng)先從find的用法著手。find 的用法如下：
1. find后跟單賓語(yǔ)：
(1) Many people here cannot find work.
(2) He didn’t find his key in his bag.
2. find后跟雙賓語(yǔ)：
(1) I wonder if you could find me some bread.
(2) He has to apply for a permit and we have to find him a job.
3. find后跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)（賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）：
(1) When she woke up, she found herself in a hospital.
(2) It's not the first time that you've found yourself in this situation.
(3) At my age I would find it hard to get another job...
(4) They found her walking alone and depressed on the beach.
(5) She returned to her east London home to find her back door forced open.
以上例句作find賓補(bǔ)的可以是：介詞短語(yǔ)，形容詞，現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)，過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)等。
上述例句中，介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)或是作賓補(bǔ)，都很明確：
He didn’t find his key in his bag. 句中的in his bag是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，不是賓補(bǔ)。
When she woke up, she found herself in a hospital. 句中的in a hospital 是賓補(bǔ)，不是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
回到問(wèn)題：I found some flowers in the garden. in the garden從語(yǔ)法上看，既可以作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但從意思上看，我傾向于作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。譯為：我在花園里發(fā)現(xiàn)了（見(jiàn)到了）一些花。如果視為賓補(bǔ)，則很勉強(qiáng)，譯為：我發(fā)現(xiàn)一些花在花園里？
【注】廣州的小林朋友的前面幾個(gè)問(wèn)題見(jiàn)：
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