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英語獨立主格結構簡析
■山東 劉永科
獨立主格結構，是由“名詞或代詞+現在分詞、過去分詞、不定式、形容詞短語、名詞短語、介詞短語或副詞短語”構成的一種獨立結構。在該結構中，名詞或代詞與其后的部分構成邏輯上的主謂關系，用來修飾謂語動詞或整個句子。在句中作狀語，表示 “時間、條件、原因、伴隨，方式或結果” 等含義。其位置比較靈活，放于句首句末均可。
1. 名詞（代詞）+ 現在分詞
The clock striking twelve, I went to bed. （表原因）
These women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century English literature must include them. （表原因）
2. 名詞（代詞）+ 過去分詞
He lay there on his back, his teeth set, his right hand clenched on his breast. （表伴隨）
Enough time given, she will surely do the job better. （表條件）
3. 名詞（代詞）+ 不定式
Here are the first three volumes, the fourth one to come out next month. （表伴隨）
He proposed a picnic, he himself to pay for the railway tickets and John to provide the food. （表方式）
4. 名詞（代詞）+ 形容詞短語
Her face pale with anger, she rose to go away. （表原因）
I saw a deep pond, the water blue like the sky. （表結果）
5. 名詞（代詞）+ 介詞短語
Then, last night, I followed him here and climbed in, sword in hand. （表方式）
Child in arms, a few women stood there chatting. （表方式）
6. 名詞（代詞）+ 副詞短語
Summer over, the students returned to school. （表原因）
7. 名詞（代詞）+ 名詞短語
His first shot a failure, Tom fired again. （表原因）
8. with復合結構
“with復合結構”也是獨立主格結構的一種，同樣十分重要。在句中表示“原因，結果，伴隨，方式”等情況。現把“with復合結構”的各種情況作一總結。
(1) with + 賓語 + 形容詞
The children were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open. （表伴隨）
(2) with + 賓語 + 介詞短語
The old man used to take a walk with a stick in his hand. （表方式）
(3) with + 賓語 + 副詞
The proud girl walked away with her head up. （表方式）
(4) with + 賓語 + 現在分詞
Mary felt very shy with so many eyes looking at her. （表原因）
(5) with + 賓語 + 過去分詞
If you sit looking away from a person, or with your back turned, you are saying you are not interested in that person. （表方式）
(6) with + 賓語 + 不定式
With too much work to do the next day, he felt anxious and didn’t sleep well. （表原因）
一般說來，with 復合結構放在句末多表示伴隨狀況；若放在句首，則多表示“原因”或“條件”，例如：
With her mother away from home, the little girl felt lonely. 由于她媽媽不在家，這個女孩感到很孤單。
With the guide leading the way, I had no difficulty finding their village. 因為向導帶路，我沒怎么費事就找到了他們的村子。
【特別提示】從上面的各種例句中可以看出，獨立主格結構本身不是一個完整的句子，它實際上是一個含有邏輯主語的某種短語，用來修飾其它一個句子的。
1. 獨立主格結構的轉換
獨立主格結構可以根據其語法作用，進行句式轉換。例如：The clock striking twelve, I went to bed.
①轉換為狀語從句：When the clock was striking twelve, I went to bed.
②也可以轉換成一個并列句：The clock stuck twelve and I went to bed.
2. 獨立主格結構與冠詞
在“名詞+ 介詞短語”獨立主格結構中，如果邏輯主語和介詞短語中的名詞都是可數名詞單數，這些名詞前不要用冠詞，目的為了更加簡練。
He was standing over there, pipe in mouth.
Flag on shoulder, the soldier rushed to the top of the building.
但若與with連用，名詞前則要加冠詞或物主代詞。如：
Then, last night, I followed him here and climbed in, with a sword in his hand.
3. 獨立主格結構中being 的省略
在下列句子中，being 可以省略，若不省略，則是現在分詞短語。
Summer (being) over, the students returned to school.
His first shot (being) a failure, Tom fired again.
Her face (being) pale with anger, she rose to go away.
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