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七、定語(yǔ)從句“口訣五”詳解
關(guān)系代詞不一般，
介詞經(jīng)常用在前，
此時(shí)不用that, who，
which, whom才安全。
該口訣的意思是，介詞經(jīng)常用在關(guān)系代詞的前面。這時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞無(wú)論指物或者指人，一律不用that, 也不用who，而必須用which或whom。“介詞+which”是定語(yǔ)從句中常見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，也是學(xué)生不易掌握的一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目，關(guān)鍵是這個(gè)“介詞”較難確定。但它是有規(guī)律可循的，主要有以下幾種情況：
1. 根據(jù)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因跟介詞的關(guān)系，用“介詞+which”替代when, where, why
(1) 代when
I'll never forget the day on which (=when) my son was born. 我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我兒子出生的那一天。（on根據(jù)on the day確定）
The year in which (=when) the earthquake happened was 2008. 發(fā)生地震的那年是2008年。（in根據(jù)the year確定）
(2) 替代where
This is the office in which (=where) I used to work. 這就是我過(guò)去工作過(guò)的辦公室。（in根據(jù)the office確定）
He forgot the exact spot on which (=where) he had hidden the jewelry. 他忘記了埋藏珠寶的確切地點(diǎn)。（on根據(jù)the spot確定）
(3) 替代why
I'd like you to explain the reason for which (=why) you refused my offer. 我想讓你解釋一下你拒絕我的幫助的原因。（for根據(jù)the reason確定）
2. 根據(jù)與先行詞搭配的具體意義確定介詞
I'll never forget the time during which I was with my friends in the country. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記和朋友們一起在鄉(xiāng)村度過(guò)的時(shí)光。(during根據(jù)the time確定)
I will offer you a better way in which you can do the job. 我要給你提供一個(gè)做這項(xiàng)工作較好的辦法。(in根據(jù)a better way確定)
3. 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞或形容詞的搭配確定介詞
She bought several clothes, on which she spent all her money. 她買(mǎi)了幾件衣服，這些衣服花光了她所有的錢(qián)。（on根據(jù)spend…on確定）
It is the grammar rules of which I am not sure.
我沒(méi)有把握的就是語(yǔ)法規(guī)則。（of根據(jù)be sure of確定）
4. 根據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句所表達(dá)的具體意思確定介詞
Can you see the river across which there is a bridge? 你能看見(jiàn)上面有座橋的那條河？
He is swimming in the river, on which there is a boat. 他在那條河里游泳，河面上有一只小船。
Here is the river in which I used to swim. 這兒就是我過(guò)去常在里面游泳的那條河。
【注意】
有些“動(dòng)詞+介詞”短語(yǔ)被視為一個(gè)固定的詞組，不可分割。這時(shí)不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前，如：listen to, look at, look for, look after, care for, hear from, send for 等。
This is the right book for which I'm looking. (誤)
This is the right book that I'm looking for. (正)
此外，除了“介詞+ which”以外，如果定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是“人”，那么也可以用“介詞+ whom”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，例如：
Mary is the girl for whom I bought this gift. 瑪麗就是我為其買(mǎi)禮物的女孩。
The person to whom you talked just now is his father. 你剛才跟他談話(huà)的那個(gè)人是他父親。
（未完待續(xù)）
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