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關閉窗口 “by+名詞”的常用固定搭配
■湖南 陳根花
by accident 偶然地， 意外地
I met her by accident in a crowded bus. 我意外地在擁擠的公共汽車中遇見她。
We met each other again completely by accident. 我們再次相遇，完全出于偶然。
by air 乘飛機，由航空
Are you going by air or by sea? 你坐飛機還是坐船去？
I shall send the letter by air. 我要由航空寄這封信。
by birth 出生，血統；天生，生來
He’s French by birth. 他是法國血統。
She’s an actor by birth. 她是天生的演員。
by chance 偶然地，無意中
I met him by chance yesterday. 昨天我無意中遇見他。
I met her quite by chance. 我遇見她完全是偶然的。
by cheque / by check 用支票
Are you paying in cash or by cheque? 你付現款還是付支票？
You won’t be able to pay by check if you don’t have your ID card. 如果你沒有身份證的話，就不能以支票付款了。
by choice 憑喜愛，出于自愿
I should take this one by choice. 我要選擇這個。
I live here by choice. 我自愿選擇住在這兒。
by comparison 比較起來，用比較的方法
The old method suffers by comparison. 老方法相形見絀。
This one is really cheaper by comparison. 相比之下，這個確實便宜。
by contrast 對比之下
She had almost failed the exam, but her sister, by contrast, had done very well. 她考試差點不及格，而她的妹妹相比之下考得很好。
The technology sector is doing badly. Old economy stocks, by contrast, are performing well again. 技術行業表現很差。對比之下，傳統經濟股則再次表現良好。
【注】若表示“與……相比”，則說by contrast with。如：
Tom’s marks by contrast with Harry’s marks were excellent. 與哈利的分數相比，湯姆的分數算得上優秀。
by day 在白天，趁白天
They don’t work by day but by night. 他們白天不工作，晚上工作。
Do you prefer traveling by day or by night? 你喜歡在白天還是在夜晚行路？
【注】該短語通常與by night對比使用；另外，注意它與by the day（按日計算）意思不同。如：
They got paid by the day. 他們拿日薪。
by degrees 逐漸地，慢慢地
She is getting better by degrees. 她（的身體）逐漸好轉。
By degrees their friendship grew into love. 他們的友誼慢慢地變為愛情。
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