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shall have done的用法說明
有讀者朋友在本站“答疑中心”問shall have done 的用法問題。具體問題如下：
www.hz123456.com/guestbook/Guest_Reply.asp?TopicID=1764
關(guān)于該該問題，我們特請本站特約作者陳根花老師答復(fù)如下：
■關(guān)于 shall have done 結(jié)構(gòu)，大家對它最熟悉的用法是表示“將來完成時”，此時的 shall 是助動詞（shall用作助動詞時，其主語通常只限于第一人稱）。如：
I shall have finished tomorrow. 明天我就會完成了。
By that time, I shall have retired. 那時候，我將已經(jīng)退休了。
We shall have finished by Friday. 到星期五我們就會完成了。
I shall have repaired it by the end of the week. 我將于本周末把它修好。
I shall have finished the work by the time you come back. 你回來時，我會已經(jīng)把工作完成了。
When I have done that, I shall have done all I was supposed to do. 我做完這件事，就做了我全部應(yīng)做的事了。
He said, “I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.” 他說道，“我將于這個周末前讀完此書。”
■其實shall除用作助動詞外，還可用作情態(tài)動詞，表示意志或決心、告誡或命令 、答應(yīng)或許諾、威脅或恫嚇、責(zé)任或規(guī)定等（shall用作情態(tài)動詞時，其主語可以根據(jù)需要使用不同人稱）。如：
You and she shall leave tomorrow. 你和她明天必須離開。
Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 試卷全部收回后應(yīng)試人才可離開座位。
I said you could go, and so you shall. 我說了你可以，你就一定可以去。
You shall have a new dress for your birthday. 你過生日會得到一件新連衣裙。
He shall answer for his misdeeds. 他應(yīng)當(dāng)為他的錯誤行為負(fù)責(zé)。
The penalty shall not exceed two years in prison. 懲罰不應(yīng)超過兩年監(jiān)禁。
Persons under 18 shall not be employed in night work. 不滿18歲的人不得雇傭干夜間工作。
■關(guān)于 shall 用作情態(tài)動詞的用法，大家見得比較多的是shall后接動詞原形的用法，其實也可后接完成式。如：
All foreign residents shall have reported to the nearest police station by September 20. 所有外籍居民必須于9月20日起到最近的派出所去一趟。——摘自《張道真英語語法》
■在 Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States……這個句子中，兩個shall均為情態(tài)動詞，表示規(guī)定（意為“必須”）。句子大意為：每一項法案必須經(jīng)過眾議院和參議院的審議通過，并且在正式成為法律之前，還必須呈送美國總統(tǒng)……
句中之所以在前一處用shall have passed，后一處用shall be presented，是因為兩者之間有先后關(guān)系，即法案必須先經(jīng)過眾議院和參議院的審議通過，然后再呈送美國總統(tǒng)。
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