在現(xiàn)實語言中，2和3的情況，有時候不帶“一段時間的狀語”。這下就帶來了難題：產(chǎn)生了歧義。歧義有二：

歧義之一：把這個句子理解為省略了已知的時間段狀語。例如：

Tom has been out.湯姆外出了（持續(xù)至今仍未歸）。理解為：

Tom has been out since last night.

Tom has been very busy. 湯姆（近來，最近幾天）很忙。理解為：

Tom has been very busy recently (these days).

Tom has been ill. 湯姆（近來）一直病著。理解為：

Tom has been ill recently (for a week).

包括下面3個句子，同樣可以理解為省略了已知的時間段狀語。

Tom has stayed in the office.（湯姆一直呆在辦公室里）

Tom has lived in this town. （湯姆一直住在這座城里）

Tom has been in Beijing. （湯姆一直在北京）

(具體省略的時間段狀語，略去，不再贅述)

歧義之二：因為沒有時間段狀語，所以，可以把上述句子理解為這個動作或狀態(tài)“已經(jīng)終止或結(jié)束”。即上述各句也可理解為：

Tom has been out. 湯姆外出回來了。

Tom has been very busy. 湯姆已忙完了。

Tom has been ill. 湯姆生過病，現(xiàn)在好了。

Tom has stayed in the office. 湯姆曾在辦公室里呆過。

Tom has lived in this town. 湯姆在這城里住過。

Tom has been in Beijing. 湯姆在北京待過。

【結(jié)論】一個持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)，用于“現(xiàn)在完成時”的時候，本來應(yīng)該帶有“時間段”的狀語，但有時候卻沒有，這時，必然會產(chǎn)生歧義。怎么辦？只有按照實際語境予以理解和判斷！

這些天我一直在思考這個問題。得出以上看法，是經(jīng)過我深思熟慮，并融入了自己深刻的思辨。

一個持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)，用于“現(xiàn)在完成時”的時候，應(yīng)該帶有“時間段”的狀語，這是語言的邏輯，我們應(yīng)該遵守，否則會引起誤解或句子歧義現(xiàn)象。

Tom has been out.這個句子是否符合語法？孤立的一個句子到底是什么意思？

我認為，表動作的go out用現(xiàn)在完成時沒錯，同樣，表狀態(tài)的be out用現(xiàn)在完成時也沒錯。問題是，Tom has been out.的含義與Tom has gone out.不同。前者蘊含著“外出一段時間”，后者沒有。最關(guān)鍵的問題是，Tom has been out.所表達的意思不清晰。如果回答“Where is Tom?”，我們用“He has gone out.”，或者“He is out.”不用“He has been out.”

我的意思是，并非說have (has) been out一定要跟一個時間段連用，而是說“表狀態(tài)”的現(xiàn)在完成時，其本身多表示“這個狀態(tài)持續(xù)的時間”。以下例句充分說明了這一點，雖然其中一些have (has) been out表達了比喻的意義，或者含有out of短語，但其本質(zhì)是一樣的。

1. have / has been +out

We have been out on the ice since March and the Arctic summer is nearly here.從三月份到現(xiàn)在我們一直在冰原上，而北極的夏天正日益臨近。

A source told the New York Post newspaper: Britney has been missing recent recording sessions because she has been out all night partying.一位消息人士向《紐約郵報》透露：“布蘭妮因為整晚忙著派對，所以近來一直沒有進棚錄音。”

I think it’s important he is back on the field for Manchester United and back playing 90 minutes, and also gets his confidence back because he has been out for a long time.我認為當他康復(fù)歸來并得能為曼聯(lián)踢上個90分鐘的比賽，這才是重要的地方，這也能讓他找回些自信，要知道他可是離開賽場不短的時間了。

It is not headline-making news; this information has been out there for years.這不是故意為了抓人眼球的新聞。這已經(jīng)多年前就出現(xiàn)的舊聞。

Someone asked me recently if I thought this book was dated, since it has been out for several years. 最近，有人問我是否認為這本書已經(jīng)過時了，因為這本書從出版到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有好幾年時間了。

Some people are saying their service has been out since the morning.有人說從早上起，服務(wù)就出問題了。

The coalminers have been out on strike for several weeks now. 煤礦工人已罷工了幾個星期。

The fire has been out for hours. 火熄了好幾個小時了。

I'm afraid the book has been out for some time. 恐怕這本書已借出一段時間了。

I have been out of shape ever since I left the army.自從我離開軍隊后，我的身體一直很差。

He has been out of debt since he stopped gambling.他戒賭博后，不再欠債了。

The piano has been out of use for several years.這架鋼琴已多年不用了。

Democrats have been out of power for some time.民主黨人在野已經(jīng)有一段時間了。

Many people have been out of work recently.最近有許多人失業(yè)。

I have been out of touch with him since last autumn.自去年秋天以來，我就與他失去了聯(lián)系。

He has been out of condition for several weeks.他身體不好已有幾個星期了。

He has been out of touch with his teacher since the war.戰(zhàn)爭之后，他就和他的老師失去了聯(lián)系。

The zone is controlled by Russian military forces and has been out of reach during the past weeks due to the unstable security situation.這個緩沖區(qū)由俄羅斯軍隊控制，由于安全形勢不穩(wěn)定，過去幾星期來一直無法進入。

這個問題是個例，還是普遍現(xiàn)象？為了有更多的證據(jù)佐證這個問題，其他情況“表持續(xù)性的動作或狀態(tài)”的現(xiàn)在完成時，我也找了很多的例句，幾乎都是跟一個“表示時間段”的狀語連用。

上一頁  [1] [2] [3]  下一頁