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幾種特殊的定語從句
■本站特約作者 羅 芳
■since / until / by when引導的定語從句
定語從句中有一類是since / until / by when引導的定語從句, 這類比較特殊的定語從句，一般都可整合為and連接的并列句。and since / until / by then= since / until / by when
借助并列句分析解此類定語從句，就會簡單易懂易記。
【典型例題1】
The book was written in 1946, _______ the education system has witnessed great changes.
A. when B. during which
C. since then D. since when
【解析】句意：該書寫于1946年，從那以后教育制度已經歷了 巨大變化。因從句中“has witnessed”是完成時，而只有含 since引導的時間狀語句子才用完成時，故此句可改寫：
The book was written in 1946, and since then the education system has witnessed great changes.
【典型例題2】
The baby is due in May, _______ the new house should be finished.
A. by then B. which
C. by when D. since when
【解析】句意：“那個嬰兒五月將出生，到那時他 / 她家的新房應該能裝修完畢了。”故此句可改寫：
The baby is due in May, and by then the new house should be finished.
【典型例題3】
I am going back to my hometown this summer, ________I will have enough time to buy a car.
A. by then B. which
C. by when D. since when
【解析】句意：今年夏天我打算回家鄉，到那時我就會有足夠的時間買輛車。從句的時態是將來時，所以排除D，從句中的成分是完整的，排除Ｂ，by then不能引導從句，by when在句意和時態上都吻合題意，相當于and by then,故故此句可改寫：
I am going back to my hometown this summer, and by then I will have enough time to buy a car.
【典型例題4】
Tom has been living a comfortable life, _______his parents run away due to heavy debts.
A. until then B. until when
C. since then D. since when
【解析】句意：Tom在父母親的照顧下，過著富裕的生活，直到他父母由于沉重的債務跑掉了。until then 和since then 不能引導從句，since when時態需要用完成時，正確答案是B。
本句可以改寫為：
Tom has been living a comfortable life, and until then his parents run away due to heavy debts.
■which + n. 引導的定語從句
which可以加概括意義的名詞，引導定語從句。
and during / by that time=during / by which time 在那段時間
and in that case = in which case 在那種情況下
and at that point = at which point 在那時
and that language = which language 那種語言
【典型例題1】
He can speak German, ________language I can only follow with difficulty.
A. that B. whose
C. which D. what
【解析】句意：他會說德語，那種語言我要很費力地才能聽懂。A,D不能引導非限制性定語從句，whose和language的關系不是所屬關系，所以答案是which 。此句可改寫：
He can speak German, and I can only follow that language with difficulty.
【典型例題2】
She may be late, ________we ought to wait for her.
A. in which case B. in that case
C. where D. from where
【解析】句意：她可能遲到，那種情況我們該等她。C,D與題意不吻合，in that case不能引導從句，in which case 能引導從句，而且和詞組吻合。本句可改寫成：
He may be late and in that case we ought to wait for him
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