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究竟該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還是一般過去時(shí)? |
作者:李 翔 文章來源:本站原創(chuàng) 點(diǎn)擊數(shù) 更新時(shí)間:2014-05-26 文章錄入:李翔 責(zé)任編輯:admin |
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究竟該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還是一般過去時(shí)? ■本站特約作者 李 翔 有位網(wǎng)友在英語答疑(http://ask.yygrammar.com/ask/q.asp?id=1305)提出以下問題:輔導(dǎo)班的一道題: ①The windows are closed. Who ________ them? A. close B. closed C. is closing D. has closed. 老師說答案為D 。我覺得選B未嘗不可,因?yàn)椋耙痪湟呀?jīng)說了窗戶現(xiàn)在是關(guān)著的。后一句只問過去誰把窗戶打開即可,不需強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在的影響。 筆者也認(rèn)為此題應(yīng)選B,即用一般過去時(shí)。先請看Michael Swan在Practical English Usage (Third Edition 2005)P442上對現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)用法的區(qū)別的解釋及例句: We normally use the present perfect when we are thinking about past events together with their present results. However, we usually prefer a past tense when we identify the person, thing or circumstances responsible for a present situation (because we are thinking about the past cause, not the present result). ②That's a nice picture. Did you paint it yourself? (筆者注:該例句從Michael Swan著的《牛津英語用法指南》(第二版 翻譯本)(外語教學(xué)與研究出版社2000年9月第1版 )P581一直保留至第3版,說明Michael Swan堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為此處應(yīng)該用一般過去時(shí),而不是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。) 從以上可以看出句①和句②非常相似。句②完全可以改為: ③That's a nice picture. Who painted it? 同理,句①也可以改為: ④ The windows are closed. Did you close them? 相信讀者對于句②和句④中使用一般過去時(shí)不會(huì)產(chǎn)生疑問,因?yàn)檫@兩句的前部分都表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài),即某一過去的動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果;而在后半部分,說話人應(yīng)該關(guān)注的是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,而非動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,如果再提及結(jié)果就和前半部分重復(fù)。而句①和句③只不過是由一般疑問句改為了特殊疑問句,但時(shí)態(tài)是不應(yīng)該改變的。 再請看薄冰編著《英語時(shí)態(tài)》(開明出版社 北京2000年1月第1版) P54上的論證:The burglar came in through this window. Here are his foot marks. [說明] 過去一般時(shí)只談過去,和現(xiàn)在沒有關(guān)系。但這并不是絕對的。有時(shí)過去一般時(shí)對現(xiàn)在也有影響,如實(shí)例中的came。尤其是談到一些歷史事實(shí)時(shí),即使對現(xiàn)在仍有影響,也多用過去一般時(shí)。再如: He’s tired because he worked hard all day today. I travelled all around, I can spot people. 最后請看以下例證: 1. Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins著Developing Grammar in Context 《劍橋英語語法》普及版 韓非等譯(大連理工大學(xué)出版社 2006年7月第1版)P50: He is back with his family now. No one saw him for ten days. My knee is much better now. I hurt my knee. 2. Ronald Carter 等著Exploring Grammar In Context 《劍橋英語語法》強(qiáng)化版 王海華等譯(大連理工大學(xué)出版社 2006年8月第1版)P10: A:Isn’t she married to a Scandinavian os something? B:Yes, she was married to a Swede, but she’s married to a New Zealander now. 3. 謝應(yīng)光撰寫的《英語動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成體表示的意義》(上海外國語大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)《外國語》1997年第2 期P66),趙興撰寫的《再論完成時(shí)語義學(xué)》(上海外國語大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)《外國語》1998年第4 期P56)和袁曉寧、李霄翔撰寫的《現(xiàn)時(shí)關(guān)聯(lián)與現(xiàn)在完成體》(大連外國語學(xué)院《外語與外語教學(xué)》2004年第3期)都用下兩句說明一般過去時(shí)也和現(xiàn)在有關(guān)聯(lián)。 —Why is Chris so cheerful these days? —Well, he won a million in the lottery. Unfortunately, he bought oil shares with all of his money. He lost every penny, so he is now as poor as before. |
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