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都是逗號(hào)惹的禍
作者：陳仁禎（湖南）
來源：《第二課堂（高中版）》，2004年第9期（pp48-50)
有許多試題，由于同學(xué)們對(duì)句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析不對(duì)，尤其是對(duì)句中的逗號(hào)判斷失誤，從而導(dǎo)致一些想當(dāng)然的錯(cuò)誤。本文例舉幾道典型試題，供同學(xué)們參考。
1. If a book is in English, _____ means slow progress for you.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
此題容易誤選 A或B，想當(dāng)然地根據(jù)空格前的逗號(hào)認(rèn)為這是非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。這樣分析的同學(xué)，主要是忽略了前一句句首的 if。其實(shí)此題應(yīng)選D，逗號(hào)前是一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，逗號(hào)后是該狀語(yǔ)從句的主句，that 在此代表前文所述的情況，用作主句的主語(yǔ)。同樣地，下面幾題也應(yīng)選 that，而不選 which：
(1) If he’s only interested in your looks, _____ just shows how shallow he is.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(2) If you want to go, _______is quite all right with me.
A. that B. which C. and it D. so
(3) When I say two hours, _____ includes time for eating.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(4) If you want a double room , _____ will cost another ￡15.
A. as B. which C. what D. that
(5) If you have the money, _____ will be OK.
A. as B. which C. and it D. that
下例也選 that 而不選 which，其中 that 表示“那”：
Unless I’m very much mistaken, ______ is my watch you’re wearing!
A. as B. which C. what D. that
2. Not far from the school there was a garden, _____ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
此題很容易誤選B，許多同學(xué)想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為句中逗號(hào)后是一個(gè)非限制性的定語(yǔ)從句，whose 在定語(yǔ)從句中用作定語(yǔ)修飾其后的名詞 owner。此分析從表面上看，似乎天衣無縫，但實(shí)質(zhì)上是錯(cuò)的，原因是空格后根本不是一個(gè)句子，因?yàn)樗鼪]有謂語(yǔ)。盡管句中有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞（seated 和 playing），但它們都是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。也許有的同學(xué)會(huì)問，其中的 seated 不可用作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞嗎？不能。因?yàn)?/SPAN>seat 用作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它總是及物的，其后要么接賓語(yǔ)，要么它就用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，所以若在 seated 前加上助動(dòng)詞 is，則可以選擇B（當(dāng)然若將 seated 改為 sitting，也應(yīng)選擇B）。所以此題最佳答案選A。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏匆粋�(gè)類似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)題應(yīng)選B，而不能選C，是因?yàn)榫渲械?/SPAN> translated 是過去分詞(非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)，若選C，則該從句無謂語(yǔ)；第(2)題應(yīng)選C，因?yàn)榫渲杏兄^語(yǔ) were translated。再請(qǐng)看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _____ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
此題與上面的第(2)題不同，兩句間多了一個(gè)并列連詞and，說明這是一個(gè)并列句，故應(yīng)選B，則不能選C。
請(qǐng)做做以下三題(答案均為B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _____ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _____ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _____ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
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