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關(guān)閉窗口 關(guān)于分詞的邏輯主語問題
■湖南 何素秀
一、何謂分詞的邏輯主語
分詞屬非謂語動(dòng)詞，即不用作謂語的動(dòng)詞，所以它沒有真正的主語。但是，分詞作為動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它應(yīng)有自己理論上或邏輯上的主語，即邏輯主語。如：
I often hear him singing this song. 我經(jīng)常聽他唱這首歌。(him 是singing的邏輯主語)
Hearing the news, he couldn’t help crying. 聽到這消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的邏輯主語)
若用的是過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式，則上面提到的邏輯主語實(shí)為“邏輯賓語”。如：
I often hear this song sung. 我經(jīng)常聽到有人唱這首歌。(this song是sung的邏輯主語，但是sing 的邏輯賓語)
I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看見她被送到手術(shù)室。(her是being taken 的邏輯主語，但是take 的邏輯賓語)
二、使用分詞邏輯主語的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)
分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語通常應(yīng)是句子的主語，否則會(huì)出錯(cuò)。請(qǐng)看下題：
1. Finding her car stolen, ______.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere
D. she hurried to a policeman for help
此題答案應(yīng)選D，因?yàn)榫涫子米鳡钫Z的現(xiàn)在分詞短語finding her car stolen 的邏輯主語應(yīng)是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。
在使用分詞的邏輯主語時(shí)還要注意根據(jù)句意判斷是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)。如：
2. _____ many times, he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though to be told
C. Having told D. He was told
根據(jù)句意，he 與 tell 應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。從時(shí)間上看，應(yīng)該是“被告訴”在先，“沒有理解”在后，故選A。比較下題由于句中用了并列連詞but，情況有所不同：
3. _____ many times, but he still didn’t understand it.
A. Having been told B. Though he was told
C. To have been told D. He was told
此題答案選D，句中的并列連詞 but 表明整個(gè)句子為并列句，同時(shí)表明 but 前應(yīng)是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，而不能是一個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞短語(所以不能選A或C)。
三、分詞邏輯主語的特例
一般說來，分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語一致，但事實(shí)上有少數(shù)例外的特殊情況：
1. 某些表示說話人態(tài)度的一些慣用分詞表達(dá)，它們?cè)谟米鳡钫Z時(shí)其邏輯主語可以與句子主語不一致。如：
Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般說來，女人比男人活得長。
Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 從你的話看，他應(yīng)當(dāng)能成功。
Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly. 考慮到路程，他到達(dá)得很快。
Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考慮到各種因素，你最好離開。
2. 當(dāng)句子含有先行主語it或there時(shí)，有時(shí)用作狀語的分詞短語可以與先行主語不一致。如：
Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于時(shí)間很少，我能做的事很有限。
Being French, it’s surprising that she’s such a terrible cook. 她是法國人，但她做飯做得那么糟真是令人感到驚奇。
3. 當(dāng)分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞或連詞，此時(shí)也無需考慮主語一致問題。如：
Supposing she doesn’t come, what shall we do? 要是她不來我們?cè)趺崔k?(supposing為連詞，意為“假若”)
Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job. 考慮到他們沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這工作已做得很不錯(cuò)了。(given為介詞，意為“考慮到”)
4. 當(dāng)分詞暗含的邏輯主語為表示泛指意義的one或you時(shí)，也無需考慮主語的一致性問題。如：
In doing such work, patience is needed. 做這種工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)
四、分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)
在通常情況下，分詞作狀語時(shí)它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語一致，若不一致，則應(yīng)改用其他句型。如：
誤：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.
正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 過馬路時(shí)他被車撞倒了。
正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他過馬路時(shí)車子把他撞倒了。
解決狀語分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分詞前加一個(gè)名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
The job finished, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。
The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天氣很好，我們就去游泳了。
He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。
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