英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)用法歸納：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1. 構(gòu)成

have / has +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞

2. 基本用法

(1)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生或已完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況（表示“已完成”）。如：

I've had two letters from him. 我已收到他的兩封信。

He has left the city. 他已離開(kāi)這個(gè)城市。

Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗戶(hù)打破了。

I have seen you before, but I can't remember where. 我以前見(jiàn)過(guò)你，但是不記得在哪里了。

Have you finished your homework? 你做完作業(yè)了嗎？

(2) 表示的動(dòng)作開(kāi)始于過(guò)去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也可能還會(huì)持續(xù)下去（表示“未完成”）。如：

Since then, he has developed another bad habit. 自那以后,它養(yǎng)成了另一種環(huán)習(xí)慣。

They have been friends ever since they were in grade school. 他們從小學(xué)起就一直是好朋友。

How long have you been here? 你來(lái)多久了？

We haven't seen each other for ages. 我們好久沒(méi)見(jiàn)面了。

I’ve finished half so far. 到目前為止我只完成一半。

注：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一般時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

誤：He has died for two years. 他死了兩年了。

正：He has been dead for two years.

正：He died two years ago.

誤：The film has begun for ten minutes. 電影開(kāi)演十分鐘了。

正：The film has been on for ten minutes.

正：The film began ten minutes ago.

(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在時(shí)間和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表示將來(lái)某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。例如：

I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.我做完作業(yè)后去你家。

If it has stopped snowing in the morning, we’ll go to the park. 如果中午雪停了，我們就去公園。

I’ll go to bed when I’ve finished my homework. 我做完作業(yè)后就上床睡覺(jué)了。

(4)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可表示過(guò)去的重復(fù)動(dòng)作。如：

He has always gone to work by bike. 他總是騎自行車(chē)上班。

3. 與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的常用詞語(yǔ)

能與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用詞語(yǔ)很多，just, already, yet, before, never, ever, recently 等，但常見(jiàn)的有：

(1) since自從，如：

I have been there many times since the war. 自那次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以來(lái)，我曾去該地多次。

We haven’t seen each other since last week. 自上周以來(lái)我們一直未見(jiàn)過(guò)面。

We have been friends ever since. 自此以后我們一直是朋友。

有時(shí)可用其它時(shí)態(tài)。如：

It seems like years since we last met. 我們似乎幾年未見(jiàn)面了。

It is five years since he came here. 他來(lái)這里五年了。

(2) so far到目前為止，如：

So far we have learned 2000 English words. 目前為止我們已學(xué)了兩千個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞了。

So far the search for the missing middle-aged woman has been fruitless. 到目前為止,還沒(méi)有找到那失蹤的中年婦女。

We haven’t had any trouble so far. 到目前為止，我們還沒(méi)有遇到任何麻煩。

(3) in / for / during the past / last … years 在過(guò)去 / 最近…中：

I've been ill for the past three weeks. 我三周來(lái)一直在生病。

Great changes have taken place in the last three years 最近三年我們學(xué)校發(fā)生很大變化。

I have been here (for) the last / past month. 最近一個(gè)月里我都在這兒。

(4) up to / until now 到現(xiàn)在為止，如：

Up to now he’s been quiet. 他直到此刻仍保持沉默。

I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到現(xiàn)在為止我還沒(méi)有聽(tīng)到他一點(diǎn)音信。

Up until now we have planted over 20000 trees. 到目前為止我們已經(jīng)種了兩萬(wàn)棵樹(shù)了。

Up to now, the work has been easy. 到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。

Up to now, Mr. Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the other. 到目前為止,斯科特先生從一個(gè)汽車(chē)修理部向另一個(gè)汽車(chē)修理部發(fā)送了大量索取備件的信件和其他緊急函件。

(5) It’s / will be the first / second… time that…這是第一 / 二… 次…，如：

It’s the first time I’ve been here. 這是我第一次來(lái)這兒。

Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public. 別忘了，這是我第一次在公共場(chǎng)合發(fā)言。

It is the second time I have met here today. 這是我今天第二次見(jiàn)到他了。

4. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系; 而一般過(guò)去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去，不涉及對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。比較：

Has the plane arrived? 飛機(jī)到達(dá)了嗎？

When did it arrive? 什么時(shí)候到的？

He has bought a car. 他買(mǎi)了一部車(chē)。

He bought a house two years ago. 他兩年前買(mǎi)了一部車(chē)。

5. have been to 和have gone to的區(qū)別

兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，have been to表示去過(guò)某地，現(xiàn)在不在某地；have gone to表示到某地去了，現(xiàn)在不在此地。比較：

She has gone to Pairs. 他去了巴黎。（現(xiàn)在不在這兒）

She has been to Paris (three times). 他去過(guò)巴黎(三次)。(現(xiàn)不在巴黎)

Have you ever been to American? 你曾經(jīng)去過(guò)美國(guó)嗎？

I have been to the post office. 我剛?cè)ミ^(guò)郵局。