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比較狀語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)的單獨(dú)省略初探 |
作者:倪肖丁 文章來(lái)源:本站原創(chuàng) 點(diǎn)擊數(shù) 更新時(shí)間:2016-08-21 文章錄入:admin 責(zé)任編輯:admin |
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3.2 比較從句多為(操作詞+)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 例如,句(10)More people died of flu in 1919 than were killed in the First World War,從句謂語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)were killed;句(11)The result will be less effective than would be achieved by a teacher in harmony with the unit,從句謂語(yǔ)是包含操作詞would的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 當(dāng)然,從句用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的現(xiàn)象雖然少見(jiàn)但也有可能。例如: (18)Statistics show that far more people are able to ride a bicycle than can drive a car. (OALD0) (19)The effects on San Francisco were much less than would've occurred with the same earthquake at a closer distance .(AHGCUS) 以上兩個(gè)從句的謂語(yǔ)分別用了主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) can drive a car 和 would've occurred。 有的從句只給出了操作詞,語(yǔ)態(tài)依上下文語(yǔ)境而定。比如“導(dǎo)語(yǔ)”部分提到的More people hope to live in the countryside than used to. 但無(wú)論是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),添補(bǔ)從句主語(yǔ)時(shí)所遇到的問(wèn)題卻是相同的。 句(10)中,than后顯然缺失主語(yǔ) people,但死于流感的 people 與二戰(zhàn)中喪生的people顯然是兩個(gè)不同群體。因此,不能在從句中直接用they。 句(11)中,主句的 result 與教師同團(tuán)隊(duì)和睦協(xié)作后取得的 result 顯然不是同一結(jié)果,所以才會(huì) less effective。顯然,than 后也不能直接添補(bǔ)代詞it。 句(18)從句中能開(kāi)車(chē)的 people 與主句中能騎車(chē)的 people 是兩個(gè)不同人群;句(19)中的兩個(gè) effects 也不是同一體。所以,兩個(gè)從句中也都不能用 they作主語(yǔ)。 那么 3.1 和 3.2 兩類(lèi)從句如何添補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)呢?一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的方法是重復(fù)使用主句中的名詞或代詞,但須對(duì)其作出限定,使其含有定語(yǔ)從句。比如句(16),than 后可填入the temperature that/which;句(17)than 后可重復(fù)用 someone or something,后接that;句(18)可填入the people who或those who;句(19)可填入the effects that。 這種改寫(xiě)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)有余、簡(jiǎn)潔不足。所以,CCEG認(rèn)為:在口語(yǔ)中如果空缺的主語(yǔ)是sth的話(huà),說(shuō)話(huà)者會(huì)添補(bǔ)一個(gè)what,因?yàn)樗X(jué)得主語(yǔ)的空缺令人不踏實(shí)(find the subject gap uncomfortable)。比如: (20)The audience was more enthusiastic than what was expected. (CCEG) 如果空缺項(xiàng)是sb,理論分析時(shí)當(dāng)然可選用the people who, those who等添補(bǔ)項(xiàng)。但在實(shí)際中,主語(yǔ)的添補(bǔ)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不如空缺更自然、更便捷,并且這已成為英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣。何況,有的比較從句即使想要添補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)也十分的困難。比如: (21)There are several influences at work here. One is that more women are now employed in many of these occupations than were formerly.(WDEG) 因?yàn)?than 沒(méi)有表語(yǔ),使得僅僅添補(bǔ)主語(yǔ)幾乎沒(méi)有可能。 本文導(dǎo)語(yǔ)中列出的含有used to的從句也存在類(lèi)似的問(wèn)題,例如Fewer people smoke these days than used to。因?yàn)?/SPAN>few people不是一個(gè)特定的人群,因此難以與另一個(gè)特定的人群進(jìn)行對(duì)比,即使將其結(jié)構(gòu)補(bǔ)充完整成為Fewer people smoke these days than the people/those who used to,其意思顯然還是錯(cuò)的。因?yàn)樵湟獙?duì)比的其實(shí)不是“人”,而是“時(shí)間”,所以 than used to相等于than before。只有將其改寫(xiě)為Fewer people smoke these days than before/than ever/than ever before才能準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)原句的意思。這種情況下,主語(yǔ)空缺留下模糊空間成為最佳選擇。 另外,有的句子初看像是比較從句主語(yǔ)的省略,其實(shí)不然。例如: (22)Spain's financial problems were less acute than were those of Portugal.(CGEU) (23)It is no more expensive than would be the system you are proposing. (CGEL) 句(22)中,從句的表語(yǔ)并非3.1中講到的那幾個(gè)常用形容詞,而是名詞;than后也無(wú)法添補(bǔ)主語(yǔ),因?yàn)閺恼Z(yǔ)境和句義可知,從句的主語(yǔ)實(shí)際上就是those of Portugal;句(23)中,than從句的主語(yǔ)也是would be后的the system you are proposing。因此,這兩句的than后都是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。還原成陳述語(yǔ)序分別為: ( ( 由than和引導(dǎo)的比較從句也可以采用倒裝語(yǔ)序,但這是另外一個(gè)話(huà)題。 本人才疏學(xué)淺,以上討論僅僅提供一個(gè)思考的角度。不當(dāng)之處,敬請(qǐng)斧正。 |
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