過(guò)去完成時(shí)用法詳解

■基本用法

過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“had＋動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。主要表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動(dòng)作，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如：

The weather was worse than I had expected. 天氣比我預(yù)料的要糟。

When I turned around, the boy had disappeared. 我一轉(zhuǎn)身男孩就不見了。

He said he had come in through the window 他說(shuō)他是從窗戶進(jìn)來(lái)的。

有時(shí)表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一過(guò)去時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。跟現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一樣，也常與how long, for three days等表示一段時(shí)間的一類狀語(yǔ)連用。如：

He asked how long I had lived there. 他問(wèn)我在那兒住過(guò)多久。

■與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的比較

從用法上看，一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)則表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間以前(即過(guò)去的過(guò)去)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。但是，當(dāng)幾個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作用and, then, but等連接，且按照動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序表達(dá)時(shí)，幾個(gè)動(dòng)作均可用一般過(guò)去。如：

He got up, washed his face, and went out. 他起床后就洗臉，然后就出門了。

請(qǐng)比較下面兩句：

I bought a lighter, but lost it the next day.作比較。

I lost the lighter I had bought the day before. 我遺失了前天買的打火機(jī)。

另外，由after, before, as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，由于這些連詞已經(jīng)清楚地表明了主從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的先后順序，所以對(duì)于先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作也可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示。如：

I told them the news after you (had) left. 你走后我把這消息告訴了他們。

■表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法

表示想法或打算的動(dòng)詞，如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等的過(guò)去完成時(shí)，后接不定式to do時(shí)，可以表示未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，即“本想做某事(但卻沒(méi)做)”。如：

I had meant to go on Monday but have stayed on. 我本想禮拜—走的，但又留下了。

We had thought to return early but they wouldn’t let us go. 我們本想早回來(lái)的，但他們不讓我們走。

■使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)的句式

有的句式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞習(xí)慣上要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他剛到她就抱怨起來(lái)。(hardly…when…句式的主語(yǔ)通常要用過(guò)去完成時(shí))

I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. 我剛把門關(guān)上就有人敲門。(no sooner…than…句式的主語(yǔ)通常要用過(guò)去完成時(shí))

It was the first time he had been bitten by a dog. 這是他第一次被狗咬。(it was the first time…句式的從句謂語(yǔ)通常要用過(guò)去完成時(shí))