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by表示時(shí)間和單位的用法

■ by表示時(shí)間的用法

表示時(shí)間，指“最遲在……之前”“到……的時(shí)候已經(jīng)”，此時(shí)要注意它所連用的時(shí)態(tài)。如：

He was very tired by the evening. 他到晚上已經(jīng)很累了。

He has read about 40 pages of the book by now. 現(xiàn)在這本書他已讀了大約40頁。

We will have finished the work by next month. 到下個(gè)月我們就會(huì)干完了這工作。

By the time the doctor arrived the patient had died. 在醫(yī)生到達(dá)時(shí)，病人已經(jīng)死了。

另外，表示時(shí)間時(shí)，它還可表示“在……期間”，通常連用的名詞是 day, night, moonlight, daylight等，注意名詞前通常不用冠詞。如：

Cats sleep by day and hunt by night. 貓白天睡覺，夜里捉老鼠。

Do you like to swim by moonlight? 你喜歡在月光下游泳嗎?

■ by表示單位的用法

表示單位，意為“以……計(jì)”，其后通常接表示計(jì)量單位的單數(shù)名詞，且名詞前要用定冠詞。如：

They are paid by the hour (by the month). 他們所得報(bào)酬按小時(shí)（月）計(jì)。

Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen. 牛奶按品脫賣，黃油論磅賣，蛋類論打賣。

有時(shí)也接抽象名詞，此時(shí)通常不用冠詞。如：

Bananas are usually sold by weight. 香蕉通常按重量賣。