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高考英語(yǔ)考查虛擬語(yǔ)氣的三類重點(diǎn)

■湖南  陳根花

一、考查直接條件類虛擬語(yǔ)氣

所謂直接條件類虛擬語(yǔ)氣，就是指句子中含有if引導(dǎo)的條件句，并且這個(gè)條件與事實(shí)是不相符的，同時(shí)注意主句與從句所對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間（即是與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間不符還是與過(guò)去或?qū)��?lái)時(shí)間不相符），從而確定主、從句謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞形式。如：

If Mr. Dewey ________ present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there. (2014湖南卷)

A. were                    B. had been               C. should be              D. was

本題考查直接條件類虛擬語(yǔ)氣，句子的條件由if直接引出，句子大意為：要是杜威先生當(dāng)時(shí)在場(chǎng)的話，他就會(huì)給那兒的人提供任何可能的幫助。根據(jù)本句中he would have offered可知，這里是表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，所以從句應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。故答案選B。

二、考查間接條件類虛擬語(yǔ)氣

所謂間接條件類虛擬語(yǔ)氣，就是指句子中不直接出現(xiàn)if引導(dǎo)的條件句，而是將這個(gè)if所表示的條件隱含在某些詞語(yǔ)或表達(dá)中。此時(shí)考生就要做以下三步工作：第一步是分析這個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件句隱含在什么詞語(yǔ)或表達(dá)里；第二步是分析如何將這個(gè)“隱性”的條件轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤帮@性”的條件（即將間接條件轉(zhuǎn)化為直接條件）；第三步是根據(jù)直接條件類虛擬語(yǔ)氣確定答案。比如下面這道題：

They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation, or they ________ to our help. (2014浙江卷)

A. would have come  B. could come           C. have come            D. had come

本題的關(guān)鍵信息是or（要不然），“要不然”是什么意思，就是“如果不是那樣的話”，可見(jiàn)這個(gè)or就是表示隱含條件的詞語(yǔ)。根據(jù)句子前半部分的時(shí)態(tài)可知，本句是在談?wù)撨^(guò)去的情況，即這個(gè)or是指“過(guò)去如果不那樣的話”，聯(lián)系上文內(nèi)容，這個(gè)or在此相當(dāng)于if they hadn’t been abroad（如果他們當(dāng)時(shí)不在國(guó)外的話）。比較四個(gè)選項(xiàng)，顯然只有A符合要求or后面的句子可以改寫為：If they hadn’t been abroad, they would have come to our help. 即答案選A。

三、考查固定句式類虛擬語(yǔ)氣

英語(yǔ)中有些固定句式通常要與虛擬語(yǔ)氣連用，如but for, would rather, it is time that…, I wish…, If only…等。但要注意這些句式所連用的虛擬語(yǔ)氣格式不盡相同，如it’s time that…中的從句謂語(yǔ)通常用過(guò)去式；would rather后接從句時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)通常用過(guò)去式表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)��?lái)，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去；等等。請(qǐng)看一道高考真題：

We would rather our daughter ________ at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer. (2014陜西卷)

A. would stay            B. has stayed             C. stayed                  D. stay

本題答案為C，與句中的would rather有關(guān)，即would rather后接句子時(shí)，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)表過(guò)現(xiàn)在的情況。句意為：我們寧愿我們的女兒和我們一起待在家里，但是那是她的選擇，她已經(jīng)不再是一個(gè)小孩子了。

【邊學(xué)邊練】（參考答案BBDBC）

1. I’d certainly tell you if I _______ anything, but I don’t. What you’re saying is news to me.

A. know                   B. knew                    C. was knowing         D. had known

2. If the new safety system _______ in use, the accident would never have happened.

A. was                      B. had been               C. would be              D. would have been

3. We were delayed at the airport. Otherwise we _______ here by lunch time.

A. was                      B. had been               C. would be              D. would have been

4. If you don’t have anything constructive to say, I’d rather you _______ quiet. (www.hz123456.com)

A. keep                     B. kept                     C. would keep           D. had kept

5. I wish the people in the next flat _______ down their radio. You can hear every word.

A. turn                     B. had turned            C. would turn            D. would have turned