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12.不定代詞與部分否定

不定代詞all, both, every等與not連用時構成部分否定；若要表示完全否定，則需換用 none, neither, no one等。比較：

All of the students like the book. 所有這些學生都喜歡這本書。

Not all of the students like the book. 并非所有這些學生都喜歡這本書。

None of the students like the book. 這些學生中沒有一個喜歡這本書。

13. 關系代詞的用法

主要的關系代詞有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等。其中who, whom 只用于指人，which, as 只用于指事物，whose, that 既可于指人也可用于指物。關系代詞在定語從句主要用于主語、賓語(可以省略)、表語或定語：

He is the man who [that] lives next door. 他就是就是住在隔壁的那個人。

How do you like the photo that [which] I took? 你覺得我拍的這張照片怎么樣？

This is the same watch as I lost. 這塊表跟我丟失的那塊一樣。

I want to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找個能和我談音樂的人。

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請，這是她意想不到的。

14. 關系代詞that與which的用法區別

兩者都可指物，常可互換。其區別主要在于：

(1)通常要用which的場合：

①引導非限制性定語從句時，通常要用which。如：

She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請，這是她意想不到的。

②直接放在介詞后作賓語時，通常要用which。如：

The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個工具叫做錘子。

(2)通常多用that的場合：

①當先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等時，通常用that：

All [Everything] that can be done must be done.  凡能做的事都必須做。

但在現代英語中，在something, anything, everything等之后用which引導定語從句的現象也很普通。

②當先行詞有the very, the only, the same 等修飾時，通常用that。如：

This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個。

Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。

③當先行詞有形容詞最高級或序數詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時，通常用that。如：

This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。

The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應該做的第一件事是訂個計劃。

④當關系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時，通常用that。如：

China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。

⑤當先行詞是一個既指人又指物的并列詞組時，通常用that。如：

They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談論了使他們印象最深的人和事。

⑥當要避免重復時。如：

Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程？

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