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hardly是否可在簡單句句首引起倒裝 | |||
作者:admin 文章來源:本站原創(chuàng) 點擊數(shù): 更新時間:2020-12-19 |
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hardly是否可在簡單句句首引起倒裝 ■倪肖丁(西安) 英國朗文出版公司的LLCE詞典在hardly詞條中有一個例句為He could hardly wait to hear the news,這與《英漢大詞典》的例句He could hardly (或Hardly could he)wait to hear the news頗為相似!不同的是,LLCE的例句并沒有提供(或Hardly could he)這樣的替換性選擇。是不是《英漢大詞典》在借用LLCE例句的同時又受到了《英語慣用法詞典》的影響而添加了括號中這個選項呢? 查閱英文辭書、英文語法或語言學(xué)文獻(xiàn)以及有關(guān)報刊時,我們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)hardly在單句句首引起倒裝的依據(jù)或例證。恰恰相反,我們見到的是對這一用法的否定。 例如Macmillan English Grammar In Context (Advanced )(MEGCA)第200頁設(shè)計了有關(guān)Inversion的二選一測試題如下: Hardly / Little did I know that it would be another three years before I saw her again. 答案為Little,排除了Hardly。 在單句中hardly和scarcely只有在后接ever,構(gòu)成hardly ever, scarcely ever這種組合方式的情況下才會置于句首引起倒裝。 例如EGUC指出:The adverbs of negative import – never, seldom, rarely, hardly ever – are occasionally fronted and followed by Subject–operator inversion for purposes of emphasis, though this structure is formal in style or emphatic.(否定性導(dǎo)入副詞never, seldom, rarely, hardly ever有時前置于句首,后接部分倒裝語序用以強(qiáng)調(diào),這一結(jié)構(gòu)用于正式文體或加強(qiáng)語氣) PEG在Inversion of the verb after certain adverbs一節(jié)列出了引起倒裝的副詞(短語)中最常用的一部分。其中包括:never, seldom, neither/nor, nowhere, hardly...when, scarcely...when以及hardly ever和scarcely ever。 顯而易見,EGUC、PEG和GVCAP(Unit Seven)均把hardly ever和scarcely ever(而不是hardly和scarcely)視為與never, seldom和rarely等并列的引導(dǎo)簡單句倒裝語序的否定副詞。例如: Hardly/Scarcely ever did they manage to meet unobserved.(PEG-§38,45) Scarcely ever has the British nation suffered so much obloquy. (UGE) Hardly ever did he wear a suit.(GVCAP) Hardly ever do they tend to the pseudo-glam, fashion-world jobs they inexplicably manage to keep. (時代周刊, 1995/06/12) Hardly ever has any policy conference recommendation been so quickly or comprehensively implemented.(INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HOUSING AND HOME) 但值得注意的是,hardly ever的意思基本與almost never相當(dāng),具有“幾乎從未…”之意。這與單獨的hardly有所區(qū)別,后者通常不具此義,只有在修飾可用頻度副詞修飾的動詞時才有可能。例如:She hardly (ever) sees her parents these days.(OALD) 由此可知,正如前文提到的Macmillan English Grammar In Context (Advanced )的習(xí)題已經(jīng)向我們表明的那樣,從語言的規(guī)范性角度來講,hardly單獨位于簡單句句首引起倒裝不可接受。 因此,本文開頭提到的兩個例句子均應(yīng)使用正常語序,可分別改為He is hardly aware of the truth和I hardly notice that the holiday is going by。如果直接在原句的Hardly后添加ever,雖然倒裝語序成立,但句意改變甚至句意不通,尤其第二句。 必須承認(rèn),語言規(guī)律不像數(shù)學(xué)公式那樣嚴(yán)密,有時會因個人文化背景或用語場合等諸多因素而產(chǎn)生例外情況。hardly在單句句首引起倒裝的用法,在早期文學(xué)作品或歷史題材文學(xué)作品中的偶爾出現(xiàn)也是客觀存在。例如: Hardly could I wait till night. ( The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night) Hardly has our strength sufficed to beat off the first great assault. (Lord of the Rings) 總之,我們自己在使用英語(包括英語教學(xué))時應(yīng)該避免把hardly置于單句句首引導(dǎo)倒裝句,尤其在規(guī)范的筆語和考試中。但對于早期文學(xué)作品中存在少量這種用法的現(xiàn)象,也應(yīng)予以客觀看待,既不奉為典例,也不求全責(zé)備。 說明:hardly在單句句首引導(dǎo)倒裝語序在基礎(chǔ)英語教學(xué)中似乎已成為習(xí)以為常的現(xiàn)象。本文對此的質(zhì)疑,旨在作出個人的獨立探討而非簡單的結(jié)論,故文中觀點僅供讀者研判參考。 完整內(nèi)容請查看:https://www.cpsenglish.com/article/107 |
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