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關閉窗口 攻克現在分詞完成式用法的六個硬招
■湖南 王 萍
一、弄清現在分詞完成式的基本用法
從動作關系上看，現在分詞的完成式主要表示發生在謂語動作之前的動作；從用法上看，現在分詞完成式主要用作狀語，表示時間或原因等。
1. 表示時間
Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我們的姓名和地址記下之后就讓我們走了。
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. 在找好旅館之后，我們就去找吃飯的地方。
Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我們買好票后就走進劇場。
Having packed up her things, she went to book her ticket. 她收拾好行李之后就去買車票。
【注】這樣用的現在分詞通常可以轉換成時間狀語從句。如：
Having finished her work, she went home.= After she had finished her work, she went home. 她干完工作就回家了。
2. 表示原因
Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去過那兒一次，她對那地方很熟悉。
Having invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture. 我們邀請他來這兒講演，所以我們最好去聽講。
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已經失敗了兩次，所以不想再試了。
【注】這樣用的現在分詞通常可以轉換成原因狀語從句。如：
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.= As he had been there many times, he offered to be our guide. 他曾多次到過那里，主動提出當我們的向導。
現在分詞的完成時用作狀語時，通常位于主句之前，但有時也可置于主句之后，不過此時多見于表原因的場合。如：
I didn’t feel terribly shocked, having expected all this. 這情況我早已料到，因此我并不感到過于震驚。
I was unable to accept your invitation, having promised to accompany my mother to the concert. 我因已答應陪我母親赴音樂會而不能接受你的邀請。
二、明白現在分詞完成式否定式的構成方法
原則上應將not置于整個分詞完成式之前。如：
Not having done it right, I tried again. 我由于沒有做對，所以又試了試。
Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. 由于工作沒干完他不能離開辦公室。
Not having received an answer, she decided to write him another letter. 由于沒得到他的回信，她決定再給他寫一封信。
三、搞清現在分詞一般式與完成式的區別
現在分詞的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于謂語的動作，但有區別：現在分詞一般式所表示的動作雖然可以先于謂語動作，但兩者之間沒有時間間隔，而現在分詞的完成式所表示先于謂語的動作則與謂語動作有一定的時間間隔。如：
Locking the door, she went out. 她鎖上門走了出去。
Having lost his job, he’d begun to interest himself in local voluntary work. 他失業后便開始關注地方的志愿工作了。
【注】有時兩者意思差不多，可以換用。如：
Tying one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. =Having tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. 他把繩子的一頭系在床上，另一頭扔出窗外。
但是注意，用現在分詞一般式代替完成式的用法通常只限于現在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作之間沒有時間間隔的場合，比如以下情況就不可隨便替換：
1. 當換用會引起語義含混時：
看完了說明書之后，他迅速拿起了滅火器。
不妥：Reading the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
正句：Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
前面一句用了現在分詞的一般式，給人的印象好像是兩個動作同時發生的，容易引起誤解，故宜改用完成式。
2. 當兩個動作之間有一段間隔時，必須用分詞的完成式。如：
Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. 已經失敗了兩次，他不想再試了。
3. 當第一個動作持續一段時間時，必須用分詞的完成式。如：
Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another. 自己當老板已經這么久了，他覺得難以聽從別人的差遣。
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