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關(guān)閉窗口 攻克現(xiàn)在分詞完成式用法的六個(gè)硬招
■湖南 王 萍
一、弄清現(xiàn)在分詞完成式的基本用法
從動(dòng)作關(guān)系上看，現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要表示發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前的動(dòng)作；從用法上看，現(xiàn)在分詞完成式主要用作狀語(yǔ)，表示時(shí)間或原因等。
1. 表示時(shí)間
Having noted down our names and addresses, the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我們的姓名和地址記下之后就讓我們走了。
Having found a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner. 在找好旅館之后，我們就去找吃飯的地方。
Having bought our tickets, we went into the theatre. 我們買(mǎi)好票后就走進(jìn)劇場(chǎng)。
Having packed up her things, she went to book her ticket. 她收拾好行李之后就去買(mǎi)車(chē)票。
【注】這樣用的現(xiàn)在分詞通常可以轉(zhuǎn)換成時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Having finished her work, she went home.= After she had finished her work, she went home. 她干完工作就回家了。
2. 表示原因
Having been there once, she knew the place quite well. 由于去過(guò)那兒一次，她對(duì)那地方很熟悉。
Having invited him here to speak, we’d better go to his lecture. 我們邀請(qǐng)他來(lái)這兒講演，所以我們最好去聽(tīng)講。
Having failed twice, he didn't want to try again. 他已經(jīng)失敗了兩次，所以不想再試了。
【注】這樣用的現(xiàn)在分詞通常可以轉(zhuǎn)換成原因狀語(yǔ)從句。如：
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.= As he had been there many times, he offered to be our guide. 他曾多次到過(guò)那里，主動(dòng)提出當(dāng)我們的向?qū)А?/SPAN>
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)用作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常位于主句之前，但有時(shí)也可置于主句之后，不過(guò)此時(shí)多見(jiàn)于表原因的場(chǎng)合。如：
I didn’t feel terribly shocked, having expected all this. 這情況我早已料到，因此我并不感到過(guò)于震驚。
I was unable to accept your invitation, having promised to accompany my mother to the concert. 我因已答應(yīng)陪我母親赴音樂(lè)會(huì)而不能接受你的邀請(qǐng)。
二、明白現(xiàn)在分詞完成式否定式的構(gòu)成方法
原則上應(yīng)將not置于整個(gè)分詞完成式之前。如：
Not having done it right, I tried again. 我由于沒(méi)有做對(duì)，所以又試了試。
Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. 由于工作沒(méi)干完他不能離開(kāi)辦公室。
Not having received an answer, she decided to write him another letter. 由于沒(méi)得到他的回信，她決定再給他寫(xiě)一封信。
三、搞清現(xiàn)在分詞一般式與完成式的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式和完成式均可表示已完成或先于謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作，但有區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般式所表示的動(dòng)作雖然可以先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作，但兩者之間沒(méi)有時(shí)間間隔，而現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式所表示先于謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作則與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作有一定的時(shí)間間隔。如：
Locking the door, she went out. 她鎖上門(mén)走了出去。
Having lost his job, he’d begun to interest himself in local voluntary work. 他失業(yè)后便開(kāi)始關(guān)注地方的志愿工作了。
【注】有時(shí)兩者意思差不多，可以換用。如：
Tying one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. =Having tied one end of the rope to his bed, he threw the other end out of the window. 他把繩子的一頭系在床上，另一頭扔出窗外。
但是注意，用現(xiàn)在分詞一般式代替完成式的用法通常只限于現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之間沒(méi)有時(shí)間間隔的場(chǎng)合，比如以下情況就不可隨便替換：
1. 當(dāng)換用會(huì)引起語(yǔ)義含混時(shí)：
看完了說(shuō)明書(shū)之后，他迅速拿起了滅火器。
不妥：Reading the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
正句：Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
前面一句用了現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式，給人的印象好像是兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的，容易引起誤解，故宜改用完成式。
2. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作之間有一段間隔時(shí)，必須用分詞的完成式。如：
Having failed twice, he didn’t want to try again. 已經(jīng)失敗了兩次，他不想再試了。
3. 當(dāng)?shù)谝粋�(gè)動(dòng)作持續(xù)一段時(shí)間時(shí)，必須用分詞的完成式。如：
Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from another. 自己當(dāng)老板已經(jīng)這么久了，他覺(jué)得難以聽(tīng)從別人的差遣。
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