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in the past 不可以和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用嗎？
本站特約作者 李 翔
英語語法網(wǎng)(www.hz123456.com/Article/200905/1215.html)之“與《朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典》商榷一個(gè)句子時(shí)態(tài)”的作者目佳先生認(rèn)為：“《朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典》(商務(wù)印書館1998年8月第1版 2001年10月南京第8次印刷 書號(hào)ISBN 7-100-02605-9 / H·672)第1095頁的past3詞條有這樣一個(gè)例句：In the past he has been a bricklayer and a milkman, and now he’s a farmer. 從前他曾當(dāng)過砌磚工人、送牛奶工人，現(xiàn)在他是個(gè)農(nóng)民。”中的has been用得不是很妥。 ……顯然，將句中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)has been解釋為“持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)”不合適——因?yàn)樗?dāng)過砌磚工人，又當(dāng)過送牛奶工人，所以用has been來表達(dá)“持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”顯然不合適；如果將句中的has been解釋為“對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果”更不合適——因?yàn)椤八?dāng)過砌磚工人和送牛奶工人”與“他現(xiàn)在是農(nóng)民”沒有任何必然的聯(lián)系，前后沒有任何因果關(guān)系。
建議：將句中的has been改為was，或改為used to be。即改為：In the past he was a bricklayer and a milkman, and now he’s a farmer. 或In the past he used to be a bricklayer and a milkman, and now he’s a farmer.
筆者認(rèn)為：目佳先生所謂的“錯(cuò)句”完全是正確的，根本沒有必要改。在當(dāng)今的英語中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)完全可以和像in the past等表示表示籠統(tǒng)的過去時(shí)間的狀語連用。請(qǐng)看例證：
1. 薄冰編著《英語時(shí)態(tài)》(開明出版社北京2000年1月第1版)p133：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和表籠統(tǒng)的過去時(shí)間的狀語連用，如...，in the past, ...
2. 【日】田中茂范等編《外研社英漢多功能詞典》(楊文江等編譯 外語教學(xué)與研究出版社 2008年7月第1版)p1534：He has been a boxer in the past. 他以前是個(gè)拳擊手。
3. 陸谷孫主編《英漢大詞典》(第2版) (上海譯文出版社2007年3月第1版)p1428：I have played tennis in the past, but I don’t want to play again. 過去我一直打網(wǎng)球，但是現(xiàn)在我不想再打了。
3.《朗文當(dāng)代英漢雙解詞典》(First published 1988) p1017：In the past I have had many jobs. 過去我做過很多種工作。
4.《朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語辭典》(英英•英漢雙解)(外語教學(xué)與研究出版社2004年7月第1版)p1433：James has done many things in the past, but he’s happy now in his job as a teacher. 詹姆斯以前做過很多工作，但他對(duì)現(xiàn)在當(dāng)教師感到最開心。(筆者注：此句與所謂的“錯(cuò)句”驚人的相似)
5.《牛津高階英漢雙解詞典》(第四版)(商務(wù)印書館1997年9月第1版) p1073：I’ve been there many times in the past. 我從前去過那兒很多次。
6. BNC(英國國家語料庫http://www.natcorp.ox.ac.uk):
和BUY-BNC BRTISH NATIONAL CORPUS (UK,1980s-1993) (Mark Davies, Brigham Young University ) http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/：
In the past he has worked for John Moore, Cecil Parkinson and Nigel Lawson.
In the past the British Film Industry has produced many great directors, Sir Reed, Michael Powell, David Lee to name but three.
7. BYU: THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY
(http://corpus.byu/oed/):
1944 In the past the main instrument of the Church in upholding its principles has been the Church School.
1962 In the past the air force has been led by aviators, as the navy has been led by * saltlicked admirals.
8. TIME CORPUS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (1923-2006) (Mark Davies, Brigham Young University ) (http://corpus.byu.edu/time):
1961/10/27 In the past they have concerned contributions to NATO, or arguments over colonialism or summitry or economic cooperation.
1975/10/20 In the past he has been stringently criticized for the careless manner in which he mixed the facts of these lives with his personal responses.
9. BUY CORPUS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (1990-2008) (Mark Davies, Brigham Young University) http://www.americancorpus.org/：
2008 Over the weekend, he expressed his support for a ballot initiative that would ban affirmative action in his home state - though in the past he has criticized such measures.
2007 In the past he has made guest appearances on the TV shows " Girlfriends " and " One On One " but now he’s focused on getting more roles for the silver screen.
10. Lingoes(http://www.lingoes.cn/)之“句酷雙語例句”：He will cast away this money just as he has done in the past. 他會(huì)像過去所做的那樣把這筆錢浪費(fèi)掉。
In the past they have often backed the Parti Qué bé cois, which twice held referendums on independence and came within a few thousand votes of winning one of them in1995. 原來，這些選民一般都支持魁人黨，該黨就獨(dú)立問題舉行了兩次全民公投，在1995年那次公投上，該黨只差幾千票就能獲勝。
從以上例證可以看出：無論在英國英語中，還是在美國英語中，in the past可以和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用都是不容置疑的。那為什么目佳先生用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的兩種基本用法無法解釋這種現(xiàn)象呢？用一句冠冕堂皇的話解釋，就是語言學(xué)家Edward Spair所說“條條語法規(guī)則有例外。”
然而薄冰在其編著的《英語時(shí)態(tài)》(開明出版社 保定2000年3月第2次印刷)p12-122上似乎已經(jīng)給出明確的答案：
[實(shí)例] I have lived in China. 我曾在中國住過。
[說明]現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have lived在這里著重說明過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大。
[實(shí)例] The house has been painted, although no trace of paint can now be detected. 房子曾油漆過，雖然現(xiàn)在油漆已都剝落了。
[說明]有時(shí)由于時(shí)過境遷，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作所造成的直接結(jié)果已不復(fù)存在，只變?yōu)橐环N經(jīng)歷。
這樣以來，我們對(duì)目佳先生所謂的“錯(cuò)句”就可以進(jìn)行合理的解釋了：本句主要強(qiáng)調(diào)他有過“當(dāng)過砌磚工人、送牛奶工人”的經(jīng)歷，可這一切都已經(jīng)成為過去，和現(xiàn)在關(guān)系不大了。
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