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重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義-虛擬語氣
一、概說
英語有三種語氣，即陳述語氣、祈使語氣和虛擬語氣。陳述語氣用于陳述事實(shí)、提出看法或問題等，祈使語氣用于表示請(qǐng)求、命令或警告等，虛擬語氣則表示假想或主觀愿望：
He is honest. 他很誠實(shí)。(陳述語氣)
Don’t be late next time. 下次別遲到。(祈使語氣)
If I were you I wouldn’t go. 我要是你，我就會(huì)去。(虛擬語氣)
I wish I had a lot of money. 要是我有很多錢就好了。(虛擬語氣)
二、帶虛擬條件的虛擬語氣
1. 真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)條件句
條件句有真實(shí)條件句和非真實(shí)(虛擬)條件句兩種。真實(shí)條件句所表示的假設(shè)是有可能發(fā)生的，而非真實(shí)條件句則通常表示一種假想，與事實(shí)相反或不大可能會(huì)發(fā)生：
If I have time, I will go with them. 假若我有時(shí)間，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?/SPAN>(陳述語氣)
If I were you, I would go with them. 假若我是你，我就同他們?nèi)ァ?/SPAN>(虛擬語氣)
2. 虛擬條件句的三種基本類型
(1) 若與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”：
If you took a taxi，you’d get there quicker. 如果你坐出租車去，你可以快一點(diǎn)到那里。(但你不坐)
If I knew her number I could ring her up. 要是我知道她的電話號(hào)碼，我就可以給她打電話了。(可惜我不知道)
(2) 若與過去事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語用過去完成時(shí)(had+過去分詞)，主句謂語用“should (would, could, might)+have+過去分詞”：
If I’d left sooner，I’d have been on time. 要是我早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身，我就準(zhǔn)時(shí)到了。(但我動(dòng)身太遲了)
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life. 要是我們當(dāng)時(shí)早點(diǎn)找到他的話，我們就可以救活他。(可惜我們找到他太晚了)
(3) 若與將來事實(shí)相反，條件從句的謂語用過去式(be通常用were)，主句謂語用“should (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”：
If he went，would you go too? 如果他去，你也去嗎?(大概他不會(huì)去)
If I asked him，I’m sure he’d help us. 如果我向他提出要求，肯定他會(huì)幫助我們。(不過我不打算這樣做)
注：① 主句謂語中的should主要用于第一人稱后。would, might, could的大致區(qū)別是：would表示結(jié)果，might表示可能性，could表示能力、允許或可能性。比較：
If you tried again you would succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就會(huì)成功的。(would表結(jié)果)
If you tried again you might succeed. 要是你再試一試，你可能會(huì)成功的。(might表可能)
If you tried again you could succeed. 要是你再試一試，你就能成功了。(could表能力)
② 條件從句的謂語動(dòng)詞為be時(shí)，不管其主語為單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)通常都用were，但在口語或非正式文體中的單數(shù)第一人稱和第三人稱后，也可用was，不過在 If I were you這樣的表達(dá)中，通常還是以用were為宜。
③ 有時(shí)條件從句用would表示愿意：
If he would live on with me, I would be his better half. 要是他還愿意跟我過，我仍會(huì)做他的妻子。
④ 對(duì)于與將來事實(shí)相反的情形，請(qǐng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：一是這里說的與將來事實(shí)相反，實(shí)為對(duì)將來情況的推測；二是此用法中的條件從句謂語除用過去式外，有時(shí)也用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”(表示可能性極小，常譯為“萬一”)或“were to+動(dòng)詞原形”(表示與將來事實(shí)相反的假設(shè))；三是當(dāng)條件從句使用“should+動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的謂語時(shí)，主句謂語除可用“should (would, could, might)+動(dòng)詞原形”這樣的虛擬語氣外，也可用陳述語氣或祈使語氣：
If it should rain tomorrow, don’t expect me. 萬一明天下雨，就不要等我了。
I should see him, I’ll tell him. 萬一我見到他，我就告訴他。
3. 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句
所謂錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間虛擬條件句即條件從句與主句所指時(shí)間不一致，如從句指過去，而主句即指的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚藭r(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體的語境情況，結(jié)合上面提到的三種基本類型對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整：
If it had rained last night, the ground would be wet now. 要是昨晚下過雨的話，現(xiàn)在地面就會(huì)是濕的。
You would be much better now if you had taken my advice. 假若你當(dāng)時(shí)聽我的話，你現(xiàn)在就會(huì)好多了。
注：條件從句用 if I were…時(shí)，既可指現(xiàn)在也可指過去。如：
If I were you, I would go. 假若我是你，我就去。
If I were not busy, I would have come. 假若我不忙，我早就來了。
也可用 if I had been you也表示過去：
If I had been you，I’d have taken the job. 我要是你，我就接受那份工作了。
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