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重點中學(xué)英語語法講義-倒裝
一、倒裝
英語句子的主語通常位于謂語動詞之前，這種語序被稱為正常語序。但有時出于修辭或某種特殊的語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要，需要將謂語動詞放在主語之前，這種語序則叫倒裝語序。按倒裝的形式，倒裝可分為類，一是部分倒裝，二是完全倒裝。前者指主語和助動詞倒置，后者指主語和謂語完全倒置。
二、部分倒裝
1. 含有否定意義的副詞位于句首時的倒裝
在正式文體中，never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, no longer, nowhere 等含有否定意義的副詞若位于句首，則其后要用部分倒裝：
I shall never forgive him. / Never shall I forgive him. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會寬恕他。
He seldom goes out for dinner. / Seldom does he go out for dinner. 他很少出去吃飯。
She hardly has time to listen to music. / Hardly does she have time to listen to music. 他幾乎沒時間聽音樂。
He little realizes how important this meeting is. / Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他不甚明白這個會議的重要性。
We had no sooner reached the airport than the plane took off. / No sooner had we reached the airport than the plane took off. 我們剛到機場,飛機就起飛了。
注：(1) 對于not…until句型，當(dāng)not until…位于句首時，其后的主句要用倒裝語序：
He didn’t leave the room until the rain stopped. / Not until the rain stopped did he leave the room. 雨停了之后他才離開這房間。
(2) 某些起副詞作用的介詞短語，由于含有否定詞，若位于句首，其后要用部分倒裝：
On no accounts must this switch be touched.這個開關(guān)是絕 不能觸摸的。
In [Under] no circumstances will I lend money to him.無論如何我也不會再借錢給他了。
但是，in no time(立即，馬上)位于句首時，其后無需用倒裝語序：
In no time he worked out the problem. 他馬上就算出了那道題。
2.“only+狀語”位于句首時的倒裝
當(dāng)一個狀語受副詞only的修飾且置于句首時，其后用部分倒裝語序：
Only then did he realize that he was wrong. 到那時他才意識到他錯了。
Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用這種方法才能把它做好。
Only when he returned home did he realize what had happened. 當(dāng)他回到家里時,才知道出了什么事。
3.“so+形容詞或副詞”位于句首時的倒裝
副詞so后接形容詞或副詞位于句首時，其后用部分倒裝：
So cold was the weather that we had to stay at home. 天氣太冷，我們只好呆在家里。
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed. 光速很快，我們幾乎沒法像它的速度。
So sudden was the attack that we had no time to escape. 襲擊來得非常突然，我們來不及逃跑。
4.“So+助動詞+主語”倒裝
當(dāng)要表示前面提出的某一肯定的情況也同樣適合于后者，通常就要用“So+助動詞+主語”這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)：
You are young and so am
She likes music and so do
If he can do it, so can
注：(1) 若前面提出某一否定的情況，要表示后者也屬于同樣的否定情況，則應(yīng)將其中的so改為neither或nor：
You aren’t young and neither am
She hasn’t read it and nor have
(2) 注意該結(jié)構(gòu)與表示強調(diào)或同意的“so+主語+特殊動詞”結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：
"It was cold yesterday." "So it was." “昨天很冷。”“的確很冷。”
"Father, you promised." "Well, so I did." “爸爸，你答應(yīng)過的。”“嗯，是答應(yīng)過。”
5. 由not only…but also引出的倒裝
當(dāng)not only…but also位于句首引出句子時，not only 后的句子通常用部分倒裝形式：
Not only is he a teacher, but he is also a poet. 他不僅是一位教師，而且是一位詩人。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不僅他講得更正確，也講得更不費勁了。
6. 虛擬條件句省略if后構(gòu)成的倒裝
當(dāng)if引導(dǎo)的虛擬條件從句中含有had, were, should等時，如將if省略，則要將had, were, should等移到主語前，構(gòu)成倒裝句：
Had you come yesterday, you would have seen him.若你昨天來，你就會見到他了。
Should you require anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以給我打電話。
Were it not for your help, I would still be homeless. 要不是你幫助，我會仍然無家可歸。
注：省略if后提前的had不一定是助動詞：
Had I money, I would buy it. 假若我有錢，我就會買它。
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