如何正確理解英語的獨立主格結構

一、弄清獨立主格結構的特點

獨立主格結構是一個名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點：

1. 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。

2. 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關系。

3. 獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。

二、把握獨立主格結構形式

1. 名詞（代詞）+現在分詞

We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假設天氣好，我們就進行比賽。

The question being settled, we went home. 問題解決之后，我們就回家了。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班長病了，我們最好還是延期開會吧。

2. 名詞（代詞）+過去分詞

The job finished, we went home. 工作結束后我們就回家了。

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公車已經走了，我們必須走路回家。

More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果給我們更多的時間，我們會把工作做得更好。

3. 名詞（代詞）+不定式

Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。

4. 名詞（代詞）+介詞短語

A girl came in, book in hand. 一個少女進來了，手里拿著書。

4. 名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣領已解掉，頭低了下來，拿好鋼筆，準備開始寫一封長信。

5. There being +名詞（代詞）

There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。

There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。

6. It being +名詞（代詞）

It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節的緣故，政府機關都休息。

It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。

注：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。如：

Don’t sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。

He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。

He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。

She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進來。

The old woman sat therewith a basket beside her. 這位老太婆坐在那兒，身邊放著一個籃子。

He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。

He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。

I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了。

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