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現在分詞的完成被動式的語法特征

現在分詞的完成被動式有兩個語法特征：一是表明它與其邏輯主語之間為被動關系；二是它表明它先于主要動作完成。如：

Having been told so beforehand, he was not surprised. 因為之前已經有人告訴他了，所以他并不驚訝。

Having been called early, he felt sleepy all day. 由于被叫醒得很早，所以整天他都覺得想睡覺。

The subject having been opened, he had to go on with it. 話題已經開始了，他不得不談下去。

He cites the works of two otherwise unknown authors, the originals of these works having been lost. 他引用了兩位原先不出名的作者的作品，這些作品的原著已經找不到了。

Having been duly warned that I would get nowhere with my application, I went right ahead and applied anyway. 雖然有人適時提醒我這樣的申請不會有什么結果，我還是執意提出了申請。

由于過去分詞也可以表示先于主要動作的被動動作，所以現在分詞的完成被動式有時也可簡化為過去分詞，即省去“having been+過去分詞”中的having been。如：

(Having been) born in America, he is very good at English. 由于他是在美國出生的，所以英語很好。

(Having been) weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. 這橋屢受暴風雨的摧殘，已經不安全了。