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常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)考點(diǎn)歸納(高考適用)
時(shí)態(tài)是高考英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)十分重要的考點(diǎn)——每年必考，每省必考。綜觀近年來(lái)各省市的時(shí)態(tài)考題情況，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)最重要最常考的時(shí)態(tài)有兩種，它們是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)；次常考的時(shí)態(tài)有四種，它們是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)；次次常考的時(shí)態(tài)有五種，它們是一般將來(lái)時(shí)、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)、完成進(jìn)行時(shí)等。為幫助同學(xué)們復(fù)習(xí)好時(shí)態(tài)，本文將結(jié)合去年高考試題對(duì)幾個(gè)重要的時(shí)態(tài)作一簡(jiǎn)單歸納和分析。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要有兩種用法，即持續(xù)性用法(或叫未完成用法)和影響性用法(或叫已完成用法)。持續(xù)性用法表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去，但在過(guò)去并未完成，而是從過(guò)去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，此時(shí)多半會(huì)連用表示持續(xù)性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)；后者指的是動(dòng)作發(fā)生于過(guò)去，且在過(guò)去已經(jīng)完成，但這個(gè)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，而說(shuō)話者正好要強(qiáng)調(diào)的就是這個(gè)影響，此時(shí)一般沒(méi)有明顯的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，主要通過(guò)上下文來(lái)理解。如：
1. Years ago we didn’t know this, but recent science _________ that people who don’t sleep well soon get ill.
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
【分析】答案選 B。由表示對(duì)照的Years ago和recent可知，“以前不知”，但“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)證明了”，所以用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2. He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _________ that they won’t support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.
A. were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide
【分析】答案選B。因賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)是一般將來(lái)時(shí)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可能是過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，排除選項(xiàng)A和C；由語(yǔ)境判斷，不是“將要決定”，而是“現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)決定”，所以排除D，而選B。
另外，同學(xué)們還要特別注意以下這些習(xí)慣上要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的短語(yǔ)和句型：so far(到目前為止)，since(自從)，in [for, during] the past [last]…years(在過(guò)去…年中)，by now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，up to [until] now (到現(xiàn)在為止)，It's [will be] the first time that…(第一次……)等。如：
3. My brother is an actor. He _________in several film so far.
A. A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing
【分析】答案選 C。so far(到目前為止)通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。
4. The country life he was used to _________ greatly since 1992.
A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed
【分析】答案選 B。since 1992這類時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)通常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。主句主語(yǔ)是the country life，句中he was used to是省略了關(guān)系代詞that的定語(yǔ)從句。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一種相對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)，即以某一過(guò)去時(shí)間作參照，過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在這一過(guò)去時(shí)間的更過(guò)去，所以我們可以簡(jiǎn)單地用“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”這五個(gè)字來(lái)理解過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)。如：
1. He _________more than 5,000 English words when he entered the university at the age of 15.
A. has learned B. would have learned C. learned D. had learned
【分析】答案選 D。因?yàn)樯洗髮W(xué)是過(guò)去，學(xué)了五千個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞是在上大學(xué)之前，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
2. When the old man _________ to walk back to his house, the sun _________ itself behind the mountain.
A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid
【分析】答案選 A。根據(jù)句意，“開(kāi)始回房子”發(fā)生在過(guò)去，“太陽(yáng)落山”是在“開(kāi)始回房子”之前，故過(guò)去的過(guò)去。
3. Father _________for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him.
A. has left B. left C. was leaving D. had left
【分析】答案選 D。根據(jù)“我沒(méi)見(jiàn)到他”可知，“在我到達(dá)”前“父親已經(jīng)去倫敦”了，即父親去倫敦發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
4. The policeman’s attention was suddenly caught by a small box which _________ placed under the Minister’s car.
A. has been B. was being C. had been D. would be
【分析】答案選 C。因?yàn)檫@個(gè)小盒子“被放在部長(zhǎng)車下”發(fā)生在“引起警察注意”之前，即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，所以用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
5. “Hurry up! Alice and Sue are waiting for you at the school gate.” “Oh ! I thought they _________ without me.”
A. went B. are going C. have gone D. had gone
【分析】答案選D。因?yàn)?/FONT>thought(原以為)用的是過(guò)去時(shí)，所以他們“走了”就是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”，故用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
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