三、英語獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列句。      

1. 用作時(shí)間狀語

The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。

2. 用作條件狀語

Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。

3. 用作原因狀語

An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因?yàn)槊魈煲�發(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

4. 用作伴隨狀語

He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。

5. 表示補(bǔ)充說明

A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一個(gè)獵人走了進(jìn)來，他的臉凍得通紅。

We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。

注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。

四、使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾點(diǎn)注意

1. 當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：

After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了課室。

2. 在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略：

(1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如：

It being Sunday, we went to church.因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤�我們�(nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。

(2) 在There being＋名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。

3. 在“名詞（或代詞）＋介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：

Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書。

比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.

4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式。如：

The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會(huì)。

比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：

The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.

5. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如：

The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會(huì)開始了。

Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。

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