4.3關系代詞that與其它關系詞的用法區別　　

關系代詞that在關系從句中，既可以指人，也可以指物，可以充當主語、賓語和表語。但是，that與其它關系詞在用法上有以下區別：　　

　4.3.1　關系代詞that和who (whom)之間的用法區別　　

關系代詞that和who都可以用來指人，也都可以作主語、賓語和表語。但關系代詞作主語指人時，多用who，作賓語多用whom。　　

a. 當表示人的不定代詞somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, no one作先行項時，關系代詞既可以用that也可以用 who。例如：　　

I need someone who/that can do the work quickly.　　

There was nobody who/that did not praise them for their great accomplishment.　　

上句中的who/that通�？梢允÷�。章振邦等教授在《新編英語語法》(第三版)(上海譯文出版社1997年1月第3版)p1383，張鑫友在《英語語法難題探微詞典》(華中師范大學出版社 2004年5月第1版)P85　和潘歡懷　教授在《現代英語實用句法》(北京師范大學出版社 1984年9月第1版)P465共同指出：在以“It+ be”,“That +be”或“There +be”開頭的句子，關系代詞作主語，通常可以省略。再如：　　

It isn’t everybody (who/that) can do that.　　

That was his brother (who) just went by.　　

There was someone (who) asked for you, Bill.　　

另外，王國棟編著的《大學英語深層語法》(清華大學出版社2005年1月第1 版)p662指出：但是，Jespersen總結出，關聯詞在形容詞從句中作主語時，在下列六種條件下可以省略：在(1)It is…  (2) There is…  (3) That is…  (4) Here is…  (5) We have (=There is)…   (6)疑問代詞what, who,等之后。不過一般以避免這種省略為好。(引自A Modern English Grammar III, 　7.5. 3　-8)　　

還有，　潘歡懷　教授卻在《現代英語實用句法》(北京師范大學出版社 1984年9月第1版) p550特別指出：分裂句通常是以It is(It’s) 或It was開頭，有時為了強化指示的意義，主語可以用that 或those來代替 it。例如：　　

That was the championship they won.　　

Those ae my books you’re taking away.　　

b. 當人稱代詞，一般為he，作先行項時，關系代詞既可以用that也可以用 who，其中who最為常見。例如：　　

He who knows others is learned, and he who knows himself is wise.　　

He who respects others is constantly respected.　　

有時，也可用其他人稱代詞作先行項。例如：　　

They who live longest will see most.　　

You who are in the prime of life, come forth with greater contributions for the benefit of the people!　　

Success will come to him who is honest and diligent.　　

c. 指示代詞those作先行項只能指人，關系代詞多用who, 也可用that。例如：　　

He admires those who succeed.　　

d. 在非限制性關系從句中通常用who。例如：　　

I will pardon him, who is honest. 　　

I met Mr. Smith, who told me the news. 　　

e. 當不定代詞one, all, few, none等指人時，關系代詞可用who或that。例如：　　

One who/that does not trouble about his personal comfort is always respect.　　

The Wright brother continued their experiments on fling in 　　France　　 and astonished all who/that saw them.　　

As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there none that cannot be overcome.　　

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