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動詞不定式作條件狀語用法梳理 | |||
作者:李 翔 文章來源:本站原創 點擊數: 更新時間:2014/7/15 |
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下面拿以上提到的趙振才編著的《英語常見問題解答大詞典》(增訂版)(世界圖書西安出版公司2005年3月第1版)P684:的一個句子為例:In fact, the nation’s first settlers would have been very surprised to see how Americans celebrate Christmas today. (VOA)事實上,要是美國最早的定居者看到今天美國人慶祝圣誕節的盛況,會感到十分驚訝。 此句可以改為條件狀語從句: In fact, the nation’s first settlers would have been very surprised if they could see how Americans celebrate Christmas today. 事實上,要是美國最早的定居者看到今天美國人慶祝圣誕節的盛況,會感到十分驚訝。 但是絕對不能改為原因狀語從句:In fact, the nation’s first settlers would have been very surprised because they could see how Americans celebrate Christmas today. 事實上,因為美國最早的定居者看到今天美國人慶祝圣誕節的盛況,會感到十分驚訝。(筆者注:此句太不可思議!) 僅此一例就足以證明把“條件狀語從句”劃到“原因狀語從句”的觀點是錯誤的! 況且,動詞不定式作條件狀語和作原因狀語是有差別的: 1. 潘煥懷編著的《現代英語句法》(北京師范大學出版社 1984年9月第1版)P206不定式短語可以用于動詞、形容詞或-ed分詞后表示原因。表示原因時,不定式短語表示的動作先于謂語動詞表示的動作。例如: I’m sorry to hear you are not well. 2. 徐廣聯主編的《大學英語語法講座與測試》(第5版)(華東理工大學出版社 2014年1月第5版)P622:不定式作原因狀語時,一般放在句尾,不定式常跟在一些 形容詞或過去分詞后說明產生這種情緒的原因,常用的這類詞有:happy, lucky, fortunate, pained, ashamed, surprised, grieved, frightened, shocked, sorry, glad, delighted, eager, disappointed, right, anxious, ready, clever, unwise, quick, foolish, rude, considerate, cruel, wrong, annoyed, bored, astonished, interested, overjoyed, puzzled, relieved, worried等。例如: He is rude to behave like that. 3. 秦裕祥著的《英語語法專題研究》(湖南師范大學出版社 1999年5月第1版)P185:不定式表示 兩種原因,一是激發性原因,這時它出現于含情感意義的詞語之后,表明激發人類喜怒哀樂等情感的原因;二是說明性原因,這時它出現于描述人類品格或性質特征的詞語之后,表明說話人作出評論的理由。例如: The audience cheered to see our team win. (the fact that they saw our team win caused them to cheer.) He looked happy to hear the news. (The fact that he heard the news made him look happy.) He was fortunate to escape being hurt. (The reason why I think he was fortunate is that he escaped being hurt.) 不定式表示原因時,終止性動詞傾向于用一般體表示先時性;延續性動詞或終止性動詞在特別強調先時性時用完成體表示先時性。 4. 秦裕祥著的《英語語法專題研究》(湖南師范大學出版社 1999年5月第1版)P180: 不定式表示想象性條件,主要用于表示說話人的假設。 (例句見12.) 不定式表示的條件多為非真實條件,但有時也可見到不定式表示真實條件的情況。如它用于表示說話人主觀設定的條件或與目的的意義相混雜的條件時即是如此。(例句見12.) 表條件時,不定式有一般體和完成體形式,一般體主要表示對說話時刻后的情況的假設,但在有的句型中,也可表示對說話時刻前的情況的假設,完成體則僅表示對說話時刻前的情況的假設。試比較: (1) A. I should be glad to go(=if I could go). B. I should have been glad to go(if I could have gone). (2) A. He would be foolish to do it (=if he should do it) B. He would have been foolish to do it (=if he had done it) (3) A. To have come (=if you had come) to good terms with them, you would have done better. B. What would I give not to have heard (=if I had not heard) the calamities fallen on the heads of the King and Queen of C. What would I not have given to be able (=if I had been able) to say the rules without a mistake! |
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