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定語從句之專題二
that引導定語從句（系統講解內在原理）
（本文節選自高偉《魔方英語語法》第十一章第四節。已經登記版權，請勿用于商業用途。）
（原文標題：定語從句的引導詞that的代替和省略）
因為引導詞對先行詞的復指（重復指定），所以，定語從句的引導詞有時可以代替或省略。（注意，因為名從和狀從沒有先行詞，所以，名從和狀從的引導詞不能代替或省略。）。如，
●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.（由于which復指先行詞the school，所以，有時可以代替為that，也可以省略。）
下文中，1/2/3/4講代替，5/6講that省略。
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1/2/3/4講代替 |
that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的，同時也就出現了that與who(m)/which的對比問題。 |
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5/6講省略 |
that作連詞時可以省略的情況，和，that作代詞時可以省略的情況 |
下邊依次講解。
1.that本身是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。前邊講過，關系代詞一般是由疑問代詞變來的。但是，that并不是疑問代詞，為何也能引導定語從句呢？這是因為，that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產生的。
例句（that代替who(m)/which）
●The man ____you met just now is my old friend.
（填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作賓語時可以省略。）
●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend.
（填who/that。who/that指人。作主語時不能省略。）
●Take the book ____is lying on the table.
（填which/that。which/that指物。）
●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about？
（先行詞既有人又有物時，用that。因為that可以指人/物，用一個就可以代替。）
2. that/who(m)/which用法比較表，見下表：
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情況 \ 引導詞 |
who(m)指人 |
which指物 |
that指人/物 |
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①當先行詞被強勢指定時 |
× |
× |
that(人/物) |
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②當先行詞是不定代詞時 |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
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③當主句是there be時 |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
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④當引導詞作表語時 |
× |
which (人/物) |
that(人/物) |
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⑤是否能直接作介詞的賓語 |
whom |
which |
× |
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⑥是否能引導非限制性定語從句 |
who(m) |
which |
× |
下邊舉例說明。
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各種情況下的先行詞 |
舉例 |
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①先行詞被強勢指定時，宜用that。如，the+最高級+n.；序數詞+n.；the only/very/same/last+n. |
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
This is the first American film that I have ever seen.
This is the only thing that we can do. |
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②先行詞是指物的不定代詞時，宜用that。如，something/anything等；all/few等（+指物名詞）。 |
I want to buy something that will make me look younger.
He was talking with somebody who(m)/that I didn’t know. |
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先行詞是指人的不定代詞時，宜用who(m)/that。如，somebody/anybody等；all/few等（+指人名詞）。 |
All the people who/that present burst into tears.
You should hand in all (the things) that you have.
All the books, which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.（有all但非限定，則用which。） |
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③主句是there be句型時，先行詞指人用who(m)/that，先行詞指物用that。 |
There’re some people who/that have holidays in Hainan.
There is a seat in the corner that is still available. |
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④引導詞在從句中作指人表語時，要用that或which，不能用who(m)。 |
He is not the man that he was.（用that作指人表語）
The policeman was completely trusted, which in fact he was.（在非限制性定從中，用which作指人表語。） |
注：⑤的例句見第四節.六.6。⑥的例句見第五節.一。
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