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與目佳先生再談“police”的用法
本站特約作者 李 翔
筆者愿在此與目佳先生再談?wù)?/FONT> police 的用法。
首先，筆者要說(shuō)的是目佳先生“只許州官放火，不許百姓點(diǎn)燈”。(筆者注：筆者在此不是對(duì)目佳先生進(jìn)行人身攻擊，一筆者不知道目佳先生的真名實(shí)姓；二筆者只是就事論事發(fā)表自己的看法，進(jìn)行“學(xué)術(shù)”上的探討)筆者在《the police作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不可以用單數(shù)形式嗎？》(原文見(jiàn)www.hz123456.com/Article/200908/1325.html)一文列舉了大量的例證證明自己的看法，筆者自認(rèn)為是有理有據(jù)；而目佳先生在《方式狀語(yǔ)從句還是表語(yǔ)從句》一文（原文見(jiàn)www.hz123456.com/Article/200812/1057.html）卻是大談《薄冰高級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》和《朗文英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》如何把“be (是)……feel (感覺(jué))，look (看) seem (好像)，smell (聞)，sound (聽(tīng)起來(lái))，taste (嘗起來(lái)) 等后面由連詞 as if 和 as though 引導(dǎo)的從句”看作方式狀語(yǔ)從句，最后得出結(jié)論‘我們認(rèn)為說(shuō)“方式狀語(yǔ)從句在動(dòng)詞 be (是)……feel (感覺(jué))，look (看) seem (好像)，smell (聞)，sound (聽(tīng)起來(lái))，taste (嘗起來(lái)) 等后面也可以由連詞as if和as though來(lái)引導(dǎo)”似乎不妥，因?yàn)?/FONT>be (是)，feel (感覺(jué))，look (看)，seem (好像)，smell (聞)，sound (聽(tīng)起來(lái))，taste (嘗起來(lái))等都是連系動(dòng)詞，它們后面接的 as if / as though 從句應(yīng)是表語(yǔ)從句，而不是方式狀語(yǔ)從句。”‘(筆者注：筆者還要另外行文論述“究竟是方式狀語(yǔ)從句還是表語(yǔ)從句”)請(qǐng)問(wèn)目佳先生，你的證據(jù)何在？實(shí)際上你也是在“冒天下之大不韙”向你所謂的“權(quán)威”挑戰(zhàn)，目佳先生其實(shí)也是心知肚明，把“be (是)……feel (感覺(jué))，look (看) seem (好像)，smell (聞)，sound (聽(tīng)起來(lái))，taste (嘗起來(lái)) 等后面由連詞 as if 和 as though 引導(dǎo)的從句”看作方式狀語(yǔ)從句也“幾乎是所有英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的共識(shí)”，《薄冰高級(jí)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》和《朗文英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法》不就是這樣做的嗎？而你目佳先生可以說(shuō)是無(wú)憑無(wú)據(jù)就敢斷定“是表語(yǔ)從句，而不是方式狀語(yǔ)從句”？
再舉一例：目佳先生在《與〈朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語(yǔ)辭典〉商榷一個(gè)句子時(shí)態(tài)》一文（原文見(jiàn)www.hz123456.com/Article/200905/1215.html）認(rèn)為：“《朗文高級(jí)英語(yǔ)辭典》第1095頁(yè)past3 詞條的例句In the past he has been a bricklayer and a milkman, and now he’s a farmer. 從前他曾當(dāng)過(guò)砌磚工人、送牛奶工人，現(xiàn)在他是個(gè)農(nóng)民。” 中的 has been 用得不是很妥。經(jīng)過(guò)目佳先生一番講解，最后得出結(jié)論“將句中的 has been 改為 was，或改為 used to be。即改為：In the past he was a bricklayer and a milkman, and now he’s a farmer. /In the past he used to be a bricklayer and a milkman, and now he’s a farmer.”試問(wèn)目佳先生《朗文高級(jí)英語(yǔ)辭典》不就是你所謂“‘朗文’的，‘牛津’的，‘劍橋’的其中之一嗎？你不也是無(wú)憑無(wú)據(jù)就認(rèn)為“has been用得不是很妥”，建議“將句中的 has been 改為 was，或改為used to be”？
其次，目佳先生所謂“police表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，這幾乎是所有英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家的共識(shí)，不僅許多著名的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法著作明確指出 police 只表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，用作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)，而且?guī)缀跛杏⒚绹?guó)家出版的著名詞典(不管是“朗文”的，還是“牛津”的，或者是“劍橋”的，等等)，也都無(wú)一例外地在 police 詞條后加上了 plural 的用法標(biāo)簽”，這也是不切合實(shí)際的。既然目佳先生對(duì)“權(quán)威”如此崇拜，那么筆者讓你看個(gè)最“權(quán)威”的說(shuō)法，不過(guò)目佳先生看了，且不可失望。請(qǐng)看被稱為“辭典中的圣經(jīng)”Oxford English Dictionary (OED.2nd.Rev3)(筆者注：如果把OED比作英語(yǔ)中的“憲法”，即“母法”，那么像目佳先生所說(shuō)“朗文”的，還是“牛津”的，或者是“劍橋”的都只能算是“子法”了！) 對(duì)police用法的論述(筆者注：恕筆者不再一一翻譯成漢語(yǔ))：
4. The department of government which is concerned with the maintenance of public order and safety, and the enforcement of the law: the extent of its functions varying greatly in different countries and at different periods.
c1730 Burt Lett. N. Scotl. (1818) I. 140 By the way, this police is still a great office in Scotland, ... it is grown into disuetude, though the salaries remian.
1774 Pennant Tour Scot. in 1772, 128 The police of Glasgow consists of three bodies; the magistrates with the town council, the merchants house, and the trades house.
1781 C. Johnston Hist. J. Juniper I. 110 An insinuation so injurious to the honour of my country; which is governed by so supremely vigilant and wise a police.
1863 H. Cox Instit. iii. vi. 667 The police of the country, by which is meant that department of government which has for its object the maintenance of the internal peace and prevention of crimes, the protection of public order and public health.
5. a.The civil force to which is entrusted the duty of maintaining public order, enforcing regulations for the prevention and punishment of breaches of the law, and detecting crime; construed as pl., the members of a police force; the constabulary of a locality.
1830 Jekyll Corr. 13 Nov., It is incredible with what spirit and firmness the new police has defeated the canaille.
b. transf. Any body of men, officially instituted or employed to keep order, enforce regulations, or maintain a political or ecclesiastical system.
1840 Macaulay Ess., Ranke (1851) II. 132 The new spiritual police was every where.
1855 Prescott Philip II, ii. vi. (1857) 259 To maintain the troops in the Netherlands, as an armed police on which he could rely to enforce the execution of his orders.
1859 Mill Liberty 52/1 They employ a moral police, which occasionally becomes a physical one, to deter skilful workmen from receiving, and employers from giving, a larger remuneration for a more useful service.
c. (As a count noun.) A policeman. Chiefly Sc. and U.S. colloq.
1839 Chicago American 5 Sept., There is a police in attendance...in the theatre.
1856 ‘Mark Twain’ Adv. Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass (1928) 8 He was a police.
1951 M. McLuhan Mechanical Bride 107/2 Joyce's famous remark that, ‘though he might have been more humble, there's no police like Holmes,’ contains a world of insight.
1964 J. H. Clarke Harlem 277 He crawled out of th' door hollerin' for a police to save him.
1975 Caribbean Contact Feb. 14/1 His father was a police and his mother, familiarly known as ‘Sister Lu’, a laundry worker.
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