《that用法新探》(下)

■本站特約作者  李  翔

五、連詞that

5.1引言

連詞that根據(jù)其動(dòng)能，可分為名詞性從屬連詞that和副詞性從屬連詞that。名詞性從屬連詞that用來(lái)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，其作用相當(dāng)于名詞，在復(fù)合句充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，其引導(dǎo)的從句分別為主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。連詞that在復(fù)合句中只起連接作用，沒有任何意義，因此也不充當(dāng)任何句子成分。有些情況下可以省略。例如：

That the moon has no light of its own is well-known. (主語(yǔ)從句)

All of us know (that) the moon has no light of its own. (賓語(yǔ)從句)

The reason is that the moon has no light of its own. (表語(yǔ)從句)

The fact that the moon has no light of its own is well-known. (同位語(yǔ)從句)

副詞性從屬連詞that用來(lái)引導(dǎo)副詞性從句，其作用相當(dāng)于副詞，在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)，因此又叫作狀語(yǔ)從句。

5.2連詞that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句

顧名思義，連詞that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句應(yīng)放在主語(yǔ)的位置(即句首) 作主語(yǔ)，that沒有任何意思，在句中也不充當(dāng)任何成分，但卻不可以省略。例如：That she should be ungrateful cut him to the heart.

That he is honest is undeniable.

That matter is composed of particles leaves no room for doubt.

這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用在正式文體中，目的是強(qiáng)調(diào)that從句。因此，更普通的結(jié)構(gòu)是把that從句放在句末，另外用it放在主語(yǔ)位置而形成“It…that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)。其中that從句稱為真正主語(yǔ) (Real Subject) ，it稱為形式主語(yǔ)(Formal Subject) ， that有時(shí)可以省略。下列各組中兩句話的意思完全相同，只是使用的場(chǎng)合有別而已：

That he will come today is quite possible.

It’s quite possible (that) he will come today is quite possible.

That some women do not earn equal pay for equal work is unfair. 

It’s unfair (that) some women do not earn equal pay for equal work.

“It…that從句”有下列幾種不同的搭配形式。

5.2.1.1  It+v-link+形容詞+ that從句，that經(jīng)常省略。

常用的v-link 有：appear，be, become, feel, look, prove, remain, seem。

根據(jù)John Sinclair主編的COLLINS COBUILD GRAMMAR PATTERNS2: NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES(上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社 2000年11月第1版) P480-484，“It+v-link+形容詞+ that從句”可分為以下八種：

1. THE ‘LIKELY’ GROUP 

These adjectives indicate whether something is likely or true, or not. 

(1) arguable  可證實(shí)的；可論證的

It’s arguable that the legislation has had little effect on young people’s behaviour. 

(2) axiomatic 不言而喻的；不證自明的

It is axiomatic that as people grow older they generally become less agile.

(3) believable可信的

In the periods of Wei and Jin, being buried in homeland was very popular. It was more believable that he was buried in his homeland Jurong, which was also recorded in literatures. 

(4) certain必然的；必定的；肯定的

It is certain that Rodney arrived the previous day. 

(5) conceivable可想到的；可想象的；可以相信的

It is just conceivable that a single survivor might be found.

(5) correct對(duì)的，正確的

He believes that it is correct that he is.他相信他是正確的。

(6) definite 明確的；確定的

It is definite that your dog has been poisoned, sir. Again, can you tell me with whom you have had differences lately?  

(7) demonstrable可證明的；可論證的；可表明的；明顯的

By the way, it is demonstrable that the American people are working harder than they were 20 years ago…

(8) doubtful未必的；不大可能的

For a time it seemed doubtful that he would move at all... 

(9) false不正確的；虛假的；錯(cuò)誤的

It is false that only a person in authority is an authority.

(10) feasible可行的；行得通的；做得到的

That may be fine for the US, but it’s not feasible for a mass European market.

(11) guaranteed有保證的；確定的

It’s guaranteed that my colleagues think I’m deranged...

(12) imaginable可想像的；可能的

It is scarcely imaginable that it should be otherwise.

(13) implausible難以置信的；不像真實(shí)的

It seems implausible that the projects would have gone ahead without her backing.

(14) impossible不可能的；做不到的

It is impossible that a body not have natural motion but only that of the animals.

(15) improbable不大可能的；未必會(huì)(發(fā)生) 的

It seems improbable that this year’s figure will fall much below last year’s 75,000. 

(16) inconceivable不能想象的；不可思議的

It was inconceivable to me that Toby could have been my attacker...

(17) incontestable無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的，不可否認(rèn)的；不容置辯

After all, it is simply incontestable that Melville presents him as a man of admirable balance: brave but modest, firmly in control of his men without being overbearing, studious without being pedantic.

(18) incontrovertible無(wú)可辯駁的；不容置疑的；無(wú)可否認(rèn)的

It is incontrovertible that race relations in the American military services have improved enormously.

(19) incredible不可思議的；難以置信的

It is incredible that they have been allowed to go this far.

(incredible=impossible or very difficult to believe)

(20) indisputable無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的；不容置疑的

It is indisputable that birds in the UK are harbouring this illness...

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