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15. V-ing and V-ed2 (Present and past participle

15.1 as pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 現在分詞和過去分詞)

15.2 as complement(作補足語)

* 15.3 as an adverb clause equivalent(作狀語)

* 15.4 When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 (When / While 等加現在分詞或過去分詞)

* 15.5 (with) N + V-ing / V-ed2 ( [ with ] 名詞加現在分詞或過去分詞 )

* 15.6 Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalent(無歸屬現在分詞作狀語)

* 15.7 being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalent(現在分詞的被動式、完成式和完成被動式作狀語或定語)

16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements（基本句型和句子成份）

Pattern 1: S + V

Pattern 2: S + V + Cs

Pattern 3: S + V + O

Pattern 4: S + V + Oi + Od

Pattern 5: S + V + Od + Co

17. Transformation of basic sentence pattern（基本句型轉換）

17.1 Interrogative form（疑問形式）

17.2 Negative form（否定形式）

17.3 Passive form（被動形式）

18. There be (There be結構)

18.1 There is / are / was / were + N + Adv

*18. 2 There will (modal) be / exist(s) / seem(s) to be / appear(s) to be + N + Adv

*18.3 There is / are + N + Adj / V-ing / V-ed2 / to V / relative clause（定語從句)

*19. Agreement（一致關系）

19.1 Subject and Verb（主語和謂語動詞的一致關系）

19.2 Pronoun and antecedent（代詞和其先行詞的一致關系）

20. Noun clause（名詞從句)

20.1 that and omission of that, which(ever), who(ever), whom, whose

*20.2 when, where, why, how, how much / many / long / often

*20.3 whether, if

*20.4 what(ever)

*20.5 what (=the thing which)

21. Relative clause（定語從句)

21.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive（限制性和非限制性定語從句)

21.2 that, which, who, whom, when, where, why

* 21.3 whose

*.21.4 Omission of that / which (that / which的省略)

*21.5 (N / Pron + ) Prep + which / whom / whose

*21.6 the same / such…as

*.21.7 that (relative adverb) and its omission（關系副詞that及其省略)

*21.8 which / as (with sentential antecedent) (which / as指代句子)

22. Apposition (同位)

22.1 Noun (phrase) in apposition（名詞[短語]的同位語)

22.2 Appositive clause（同位語從句)

22.3 Noun phrase appositive to clause（名詞短語作句子的同位語)

e.g.… an example of what we call…

22.4 Explicit indicators of apposition（引出同位關系的明示標識詞）

e.g. that is (to say), for example

23. Clause of time and space（時間從句和地點從句）

23.1 when(ever), while, as, after, before, since

*23.2 where(ever)

*23.3 until, till

*23.4 once, the moment, as soon as, each time, immediately (that), no sooner…than

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