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2. that從句中的謂語動詞所表示的動作在轉述時仍在繼續，或表示現在時刻仍存在的狀態。例如：

He said that his father is attending a conference in Beijing.

She told me the other day that she is only 18.

This morning I visited some friends who are leaving for America tomorrow.

3. that從句表示一種反復出現或現在習慣性動作。例如：She told me that she gets up at 　5a　.m. every morning.

He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast.

4. that從句中所表示的動作在說話人說話時刻尚未發生，that從句中可以不用過去將來時，而用一般將來時，以便強調該動作或狀態與現在的聯系。例如：

He said he’ll be waiting for me.

He said he will visit us when the weather is fine.

5. ought to, must, dare等沒有過去式，可以用在主句謂語動詞是一般過去時之后的that從句中。例如：Mother said I ought to see the doctor at once.

He thought and thought, then decided he must try to be on the side of the winners.

實際上，復合句中時態是否遵守“時態一致”要服從于表達西鄉的需要，要根據具體情況而定，即形式要服從于內容。例如：

Jim says (now) he’s read Tony’s book and didn’t understand it.吉姆說(現在) 他已經讀了托尼的書，但沒有讀懂。(指當時或指他過去讀完時，或指他過去正在閱讀時)

Jim said (then) he’s read Tony’s book (now) and didn’t understand it (then) 吉姆說(當時) 他已經讀了托尼的書(現在) ，但沒有讀懂(當時) 。

Jim said (then) he’d read Tony’s book (then) and didn’t understand it (now) 吉姆說(當時) 他已經讀了托尼的書(當時) ，但是不懂(現在) 。

Jim said (then) he’s read Tony’s book (then) and didn’t understand it(then) 吉姆說(當時) 他已經讀了托尼的書(當時) ，但是沒有讀懂(當時) 。

5.3.5  that從句中的替代

莎士比亞在其名著《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet) 中借人物之口曾說過  “Brevity is the soul of wit”(“言以簡潔為貴”) ，這句名言現在越來越被人們所遵循。因此，在英語中常用so或not與表示“看法”或“假設”的動詞搭配，來替代上文中已經出現過的that從句，從而避免重復that從句的內容。這些動詞主要有：believe, expect, fancy, gather, guess, hope, imagine, presume, reckon, say, suppose, tell, think, trust等。具體用法如下：

1. so用來代替肯定的that從句；not用來代替肯定的that從句。例如：

Many people believe that the international situation will deteriorate. My father thinks so, but I believe not. (…My father thinks that the international situation will deteriorate, but I don’t believe that the international situation will deteriorate.)

“Will it explode?” “John figures not.” (John figures it won’t explode.)

“Is Mabel going to sing at the evening party?”  “I expect not.” (I don’t expect Mabel is going to sing at the evening party)

“Is it not worth trying any more?” “No, I suppose not.” (No, I don’t suppose it is worth trying any more.)

“You won’t be here tomorrow?” “I don’t suppose so.” (I don’t suppose I will be here tomorrow)

注：believe, imagine, think之后否定的that從句，用“not…so”比用“動詞+not”普通。在suppose之后，則兩種結構都可以。

2. 動詞tell之后that從句的替代。例如：Taxes are going up. Bob told me so. (Bob told me that taxes are going up.)

注：動詞tell的否定形式只能用“否定的謂語動詞+not”這一形式；而hope, fancy, fear, gather, guess, trust等無否定轉移的動詞，只能用“肯定的謂語動詞+not” 這一形式。例如：

“Tom said there would be going to be a demonstration.” “Really? He didn’t tell me so.”  (He didn’t tell me that there would be going to be a demonstration.)

“Will it rain tomorrow?” “I hope not.” (I hope that it will not rain tomorrow.)

3. 在動詞know之后的that從句不可用so替代, 因為know表示肯定意義。但有時可用that. 例如： “There’s going to be a meeting tonight.” “I know that.” 或“I know.”

注意下面兩個簡短答語的區別。

I know. 指事實——后面可以跟that從句。

“You are late.”  “I know.” (I know that I’m late.)

I know it.一般指事物——it用來代替前面出現過的一個名詞。

“I went to a nice restaurant called The Elizabeth last night.” “I know it.”(it= a nice restaurant called The Elizabeth)

4. 動詞say之后that從句的替代。例如：If you didn’t like it, you were wrong not to say so. (…, you were wrong not to say you didn’t like it.)

注：(1) 動詞say之后的兩種否定形式有時表達的意義不同。試比較：

“Tom said there would be going to be a demonstration.” “Really? John didn’t say so.”(Really? John didn’t say that there would be going to be a demonstration.) “Mary said not.”(Mary said that there would not be going to be a demonstration.)

(2) so的這種用法多數是用來說明談話的權威性，說明我們為什么應相信這些話，但當我們只想確認說話者時，最好用that. 試比較：

“Jane’s crazy.” “Who says so?” “Dr Brannister.”

“Jane’s crazy.” “Who says that?”  “I did.”

5. so 與say, hear, understand, tell, believe等動詞連用時，可放在主語之前，主謂倒裝與否均可，但主語為人稱代詞時，一般不可主謂倒裝。例如：

“Oxford will win the boat race; at least, so all my Oxford friends say.” “And so say most of the sports writers, too.” / So most of the sports writers say, too.”

“The stock market share-index has risen sharply.”   “So I believe/ gather/ hear/ notice/ see/ understand.”

“There’s going to be a holiday tomorrow.” “So I hear/I’ve heard/I heard.”

注：so與see, notice和 hear等動詞連用時，只能放在句首。例如只能說So I see/ hear/ notice. 不能說 *I see/ hear/ notice so.

6. so與think, guess, hope, suppose等連用時，一般不放在主語之前。例如不可說 *So I think.

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