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關(guān)閉窗口 2. that從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在轉(zhuǎn)述時(shí)仍在繼續(xù)，或表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻仍存在的狀態(tài)。例如：
He said that his father is attending a conference in
She told me the other day that she is only 18.
This morning I visited some friends who are leaving for
3. that從句表示一種反復(fù)出現(xiàn)或現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如：She told me that she gets up at
He said that his wife always drinks coffee for breakfast.
4. that從句中所表示的動(dòng)作在說話人說話時(shí)刻尚未發(fā)生，that從句中可以不用過去將來時(shí)，而用一般將來時(shí)，以便強(qiáng)調(diào)該動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系。例如：
He said he’ll be waiting for me.
He said he will visit us when the weather is fine.
5. ought to, must, dare等沒有過去式，可以用在主句謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)之后的that從句中。例如：Mother said I ought to see the doctor at once.
He thought and thought, then decided he must try to be on the side of the winners.
實(shí)際上，復(fù)合句中時(shí)態(tài)是否遵守“時(shí)態(tài)一致”要服從于表達(dá)西鄉(xiāng)的需要，要根據(jù)具體情況而定，即形式要服從于內(nèi)容。例如：
Jim says (now) he’s read Tony’s book and didn’t understand it.吉姆說(現(xiàn)在) 他已經(jīng)讀了托尼的書，但沒有讀懂。(指當(dāng)時(shí)或指他過去讀完時(shí)，或指他過去正在閱讀時(shí))
Jim said (then) he’s read Tony’s book (now) and didn’t understand it (then) 吉姆說(當(dāng)時(shí)) 他已經(jīng)讀了托尼的書(現(xiàn)在) ，但沒有讀懂(當(dāng)時(shí)) 。
Jim said (then) he’d read Tony’s book (then) and didn’t understand it (now) 吉姆說(當(dāng)時(shí)) 他已經(jīng)讀了托尼的書(當(dāng)時(shí)) ，但是不懂(現(xiàn)在) 。
Jim said (then) he’s read Tony’s book (then) and didn’t understand it(then) 吉姆說(當(dāng)時(shí)) 他已經(jīng)讀了托尼的書(當(dāng)時(shí)) ，但是沒有讀懂(當(dāng)時(shí)) 。
莎士比亞在其名著《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet) 中借人物之口曾說過 “Brevity is the soul of wit”(“言以簡潔為貴”) ，這句名言現(xiàn)在越來越被人們所遵循。因此，在英語中常用so或not與表示“看法”或“假設(shè)”的動(dòng)詞搭配，來替代上文中已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的that從句，從而避免重復(fù)that從句的內(nèi)容。這些動(dòng)詞主要有：believe, expect, fancy, gather, guess, hope, imagine, presume, reckon, say, suppose, tell, think, trust等。具體用法如下：
1. so用來代替肯定的that從句；not用來代替肯定的that從句。例如：
Many people believe that the international situation will deteriorate. My father thinks so, but I believe not. (…My father thinks that the international situation will deteriorate, but I don’t believe that the international situation will deteriorate.)
“Will it explode?” “John figures not.” (John figures it won’t explode.)
“Is Mabel going to sing at the evening party?” “I expect not.” (I don’t expect Mabel is going to sing at the evening party)
“Is it not worth trying any more?” “No, I suppose not.” (No, I don’t suppose it is worth trying any more.)
“You won’t be here tomorrow?” “I don’t suppose so.” (I don’t suppose I will be here tomorrow)
注：believe, imagine, think之后否定的that從句，用“not…so”比用“動(dòng)詞+not”普通。在suppose之后，則兩種結(jié)構(gòu)都可以。
2. 動(dòng)詞tell之后that從句的替代。例如：Taxes are going up. Bob told me so. (Bob told me that taxes are going up.)
注：動(dòng)詞tell的否定形式只能用“否定的謂語動(dòng)詞+not”這一形式；而hope, fancy, fear, gather, guess, trust等無否定轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，只能用“肯定的謂語動(dòng)詞+not” 這一形式。例如：
“Tom said there would be going to be a demonstration.” “Really? He didn’t tell me so.” (He didn’t tell me that there would be going to be a demonstration.)
“Will it rain tomorrow?” “I hope not.” (I hope that it will not rain tomorrow.)
3. 在動(dòng)詞know之后的that從句不可用so替代, 因?yàn)?/FONT>know表示肯定意義。但有時(shí)可用that. 例如： “There’s going to be a meeting tonight.” “I know that.” 或“I know.”
注意下面兩個(gè)簡短答語的區(qū)別。
I know. 指事實(shí)——后面可以跟that從句。
“You are late.” “I know.” (I know that I’m late.)
I know it.一般指事物——it用來代替前面出現(xiàn)過的一個(gè)名詞。
“I went to a nice restaurant called The Elizabeth last night.” “I know it.”(it= a nice restaurant called The Elizabeth)
4. 動(dòng)詞say之后that從句的替代。例如：If you didn’t like it, you were wrong not to say so. (…, you were wrong not to say you didn’t like it.)
注：(1) 動(dòng)詞say之后的兩種否定形式有時(shí)表達(dá)的意義不同。試比較：
“Tom said there would be going to be a demonstration.” “Really? John didn’t say so.”(Really? John didn’t say that there would be going to be a demonstration.) “Mary said not.”(Mary said that there would not be going to be a demonstration.)
(2) so的這種用法多數(shù)是用來說明談話的權(quán)威性，說明我們?yōu)槭裁磻?yīng)相信這些話，但當(dāng)我們只想確認(rèn)說話者時(shí)，最好用that. 試比較：
“Jane’s crazy.” “Who says so?” “Dr Brannister.”
“Jane’s crazy.” “Who says that?” “I did.”
5. so 與say, hear, understand, tell, believe等動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，可放在主語之前，主謂倒裝與否均可，但主語為人稱代詞時(shí)，一般不可主謂倒裝。例如：
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“The stock market share-index has risen sharply.” “So I believe/ gather/ hear/ notice/ see/ understand.”
“There’s going to be a holiday tomorrow.” “So I hear/I’ve heard/I heard.”
注：so與see, notice和 hear等動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，只能放在句首。例如只能說So I see/ hear/ notice. 不能說 *I see/ hear/ notice so.
6. so與think, guess, hope, suppose等連用時(shí)，一般不放在主語之前。例如不可說 *So I think.
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